1
00:00:00,125 --> 00:00:05,125
Enjoy!

2
00:00:05,622 --> 00:00:06,455
In the next 20 years,

3
00:00:06,455 --> 00:00:08,550
we're about to see what may turn out to be

4
00:00:08,550 --> 00:00:11,913
the biggest changes to the way we live in human history.

5
00:00:19,890 --> 00:00:21,480
I'm James Burke,

6
00:00:21,480 --> 00:00:23,601
and I'm gonna take you on a journey

7
00:00:23,601 --> 00:00:26,790
through time joining up the dots in about 10 connections,

8
00:00:26,790 --> 00:00:28,080
charting the people,

9
00:00:28,080 --> 00:00:30,960
objects and ideas that change history

10
00:00:30,960 --> 00:00:32,530
in the most surprising ways

11
00:00:37,115 --> 00:00:39,653
to tell you the incredible story of how we got here,

12
00:00:41,892 --> 00:00:43,242
and where we're going next.

13
00:00:47,760 --> 00:00:51,180
This series is about the process of change

14
00:00:51,180 --> 00:00:52,930
and why the future is being shaped

15
00:00:53,803 --> 00:00:56,430
by everything we do and is not going to be

16
00:00:56,430 --> 00:00:57,303
what we expect,

17
00:00:59,399 --> 00:01:00,870
because that's the way change happens.

18
00:01:00,870 --> 00:01:03,270
Cause and effect,

19
00:01:03,270 --> 00:01:05,730
you innovate to solve a problem,

20
00:01:05,730 --> 00:01:07,470
and even if you succeed,

21
00:01:07,470 --> 00:01:09,300
there's always an unexpected outcome

22
00:01:09,300 --> 00:01:12,993
that triggers the need for another innovation and so on.

23
00:01:14,940 --> 00:01:16,680
That's why nobody in the past knew

24
00:01:16,680 --> 00:01:20,656
what was coming next, nor you.

25
00:01:22,815 --> 00:01:24,330
The sequence of connections leads like

26
00:01:24,330 --> 00:01:26,940
a falling set of dominoes to an innovation

27
00:01:26,940 --> 00:01:29,073
that's set to transform humankind.

28
00:01:30,720 --> 00:01:32,610
So, where do we want to go from here?

29
00:01:32,610 --> 00:01:34,553
What's the next connection?

30
00:01:36,000 --> 00:01:42,074
Support us and become VIP member 
to remove all ads from www.OpenSubtitles.org

31
00:01:50,190 --> 00:01:52,273
So, this is where we are heading,

32
00:01:54,727 --> 00:01:57,660
a machine that can fabricate absolutely

33
00:01:57,660 --> 00:02:00,630
anything you might want assembling things

34
00:02:00,630 --> 00:02:03,870
molecule by molecule at the atomic level,

35
00:02:03,870 --> 00:02:08,820
an apple, clothes, gold bar, works of art.

36
00:02:08,820 --> 00:02:11,853
You name it, it's yours and it's free.

37
00:02:12,750 --> 00:02:16,080
It's coming, and our journey towards this future is

38
00:02:16,080 --> 00:02:17,230
already well on the way

39
00:02:18,284 --> 00:02:21,111
and has been going for the last 200 years.

40
00:02:21,111 --> 00:02:23,813
And it all starts with Louis the 14th's wig.

41
00:02:26,870 --> 00:02:28,650
In 17th century France.

42
00:02:28,650 --> 00:02:32,010
Anyone who is anyone is wearing one.

43
00:02:32,010 --> 00:02:35,007
The reason for this hairpiece craze? Syphilis.

44
00:02:37,428 --> 00:02:41,100
You see, the court of French King Louis the 14th is

45
00:02:41,100 --> 00:02:43,620
a hotbed of infidelity and scandal,

46
00:02:43,620 --> 00:02:46,413
and as a consequence it's full of syphilis.

47
00:02:47,382 --> 00:02:50,910
Once in the body, syphilis attacks first the skin.

48
00:02:50,910 --> 00:02:53,160
You get boils and lumps and blotches

49
00:02:53,160 --> 00:02:57,167
and general disfigurement like loss of nose.

50
00:02:57,167 --> 00:03:01,230
You could go blind, and you go bald.

51
00:03:01,230 --> 00:03:03,600
Your hair falls out by the handful,

52
00:03:03,600 --> 00:03:05,450
and your scalp looks pretty dreadful.

53
00:03:06,480 --> 00:03:08,520
A democratic disease, no doubt.

54
00:03:08,520 --> 00:03:13,260
It hits everybody, men and women from lowest to highest.

55
00:03:13,260 --> 00:03:16,170
To hide it and to follow their fashionable king,

56
00:03:16,170 --> 00:03:17,943
the rich all wear wigs.

57
00:03:19,680 --> 00:03:22,740
It's the start of wig mania.

58
00:03:22,740 --> 00:03:24,540
Now, nobody's foolish enough to say

59
00:03:24,540 --> 00:03:26,490
Louie himself has syphilis

60
00:03:26,490 --> 00:03:28,470
and historians don't know for sure,

61
00:03:28,470 --> 00:03:32,520
but he is going bald and he ends up owning hundreds of wigs,

62
00:03:32,520 --> 00:03:35,733
one for every conceivable occasion and then some.

63
00:03:41,436 --> 00:03:42,953
Mind you, wigs aren't for the poor.

64
00:03:43,829 --> 00:03:45,000
You need a special room just to keep them in,

65
00:03:45,000 --> 00:03:47,940
and an expert to dress them ready to be worn.

66
00:03:47,940 --> 00:03:51,147
And that's when we start saying, "hairdresser."

67
00:03:54,540 --> 00:03:57,873
So, the wig dressing, first greasing,

68
00:03:58,770 --> 00:04:01,080
then curling and shaping,

69
00:04:01,080 --> 00:04:05,040
then powdering with wheat flour or plaster of Paris,

70
00:04:05,040 --> 00:04:06,990
sometimes weighing two pounds,

71
00:04:06,990 --> 00:04:10,440
then scenting the wig with orange or lavender.

72
00:04:10,440 --> 00:04:13,200
And all of that, of course, after combing out the lice,

73
00:04:13,200 --> 00:04:14,760
if you've already worn it before

74
00:04:14,760 --> 00:04:17,610
or just boiling the wig.

75
00:04:17,610 --> 00:04:20,283
And for all this of course you need a wig maker.

76
00:04:21,750 --> 00:04:23,913
In Louis' case you hire 48 of them.

77
00:04:27,540 --> 00:04:29,490
Some wigs cost the equivalent

78
00:04:29,490 --> 00:04:30,930
of a working man's annual salary.

79
00:04:30,930 --> 00:04:35,160
So, a wig becomes a sign of wealth and status.

80
00:04:35,160 --> 00:04:37,380
And the bigger the wig, the more expensive.

81
00:04:37,380 --> 00:04:41,643
So people with a lot of money become known as big wigs.

82
00:04:42,780 --> 00:04:44,610
To fund his royal lifestyle,

83
00:04:44,610 --> 00:04:47,310
Louis the 14th expands his colonial reach

84
00:04:47,310 --> 00:04:49,260
into Africa, Asia, and the Americas

85
00:04:49,260 --> 00:04:52,328
and gets himself into a series of wars

86
00:04:52,328 --> 00:04:55,653
with countries running empires Louie want his hands on.

87
00:04:56,736 --> 00:05:01,320
You could call it the battle of the big wigs in one sense.

88
00:05:01,320 --> 00:05:04,560
One of the countries France goes to war with is Britain,

89
00:05:04,560 --> 00:05:07,020
and their naval fleet commander wears

90
00:05:07,020 --> 00:05:09,780
one of the biggest wigs ever seen.

91
00:05:09,780 --> 00:05:14,050
It sits on the head of big wig Sir Cloudesley Shovell.

92
00:05:14,910 --> 00:05:16,770
Here he is looking comfortable

93
00:05:16,770 --> 00:05:19,450
in Westminster Abbey wearing his magnificent thatch

94
00:05:21,090 --> 00:05:22,608
and rightly so.

95
00:05:24,795 --> 00:05:28,140
Shovell's life is a classic story of rags to riches.

96
00:05:28,140 --> 00:05:31,050
He starts a naval career at 13

97
00:05:31,050 --> 00:05:35,730
as a cabin boy and ends up as admiral of the British Navy,

98
00:05:35,730 --> 00:05:37,330
and one of the country's heroes.

99
00:05:38,670 --> 00:05:41,287
He belts up and down the west coast of Europe

100
00:05:43,230 --> 00:05:46,960
and the Mediterranean around the Caribbean

101
00:05:49,530 --> 00:05:52,620
bombarding ports, towns and castles

102
00:05:52,620 --> 00:05:56,040
and sinking large numbers of enemy French ships,

103
00:05:56,040 --> 00:05:59,880
fending off the threat from Louis the 14th's forces.

104
00:05:59,880 --> 00:06:01,740
And according to his sailors being

105
00:06:01,740 --> 00:06:03,490
a really nice guy at the same time.

106
00:06:04,520 --> 00:06:06,187
Hooray!

107
00:06:07,613 --> 00:06:10,035
Shovell and captains like him manage

108
00:06:10,035 --> 00:06:12,450
these feats of daring do using

109
00:06:12,450 --> 00:06:15,120
only the simplest navigational techniques,

110
00:06:15,120 --> 00:06:18,060
a finger in the wind, a basic compass,

111
00:06:18,060 --> 00:06:20,160
and a few other primitive bits and pieces,

112
00:06:21,655 --> 00:06:25,290
including a long wooden pole for measuring star positions.

113
00:06:25,290 --> 00:06:26,940
Not much good on a stormy night

114
00:06:26,940 --> 00:06:31,470
with clouds getting in way like the night in 1707

115
00:06:31,470 --> 00:06:33,470
when Shovell is heading back from a raid

116
00:06:34,478 --> 00:06:36,240
on Louis XIV's forces in Toulon

117
00:06:36,240 --> 00:06:39,330
up into what he thinks is the English channel

118
00:06:39,330 --> 00:06:42,330
in the dark and in heavy rain leading

119
00:06:42,330 --> 00:06:44,493
a large flotilla of the British Navy.

120
00:06:49,118 --> 00:06:50,848
At around about eight in the evening,

121
00:06:50,848 --> 00:06:52,773
he decides to turn left.

122
00:06:55,556 --> 00:06:59,160
Oops, he hits rocks 30 miles off the British coast,

123
00:06:59,160 --> 00:07:03,989
and four of his 21 ship fleet sink.

124
00:07:03,989 --> 00:07:05,820
With the loss of over 1300 lives

125
00:07:05,820 --> 00:07:06,843
and Shovell's own.

126
00:07:10,350 --> 00:07:12,180
Shock horror all round,

127
00:07:12,180 --> 00:07:14,190
only the biggest British maritime loss

128
00:07:14,190 --> 00:07:15,543
in history at that time.

129
00:07:16,620 --> 00:07:19,800
And, given the speed with which parliament usually moves,

130
00:07:19,800 --> 00:07:22,803
it's only a lightning seven years later that they act.

131
00:07:24,420 --> 00:07:28,170
To stop ships like Shovell's hitting rocks by mistake,

132
00:07:28,170 --> 00:07:30,180
they announce a competition offering

133
00:07:30,180 --> 00:07:32,677
a reward for anybody who can come up

134
00:07:32,677 --> 00:07:35,523
with a way to pinpoint a ship's location out at sea.

135
00:07:36,990 --> 00:07:40,440
If you can get your position right to within 30 miles,

136
00:07:40,440 --> 00:07:44,493
the prize is 20,000 pounds, an absolute fortune back then.

137
00:07:47,400 --> 00:07:50,070
The navigation competition gets a clock maker called

138
00:07:50,070 --> 00:07:52,440
John Harrison interested.

139
00:07:52,440 --> 00:07:55,530
And the reason a clock maker is after the prize has to do

140
00:07:55,530 --> 00:07:57,750
with what longitude is.

141
00:07:57,750 --> 00:08:00,453
So, for you non-sailors, longitude.

142
00:08:02,460 --> 00:08:07,020
The earth turns 360 degrees in 24 hours.

143
00:08:07,020 --> 00:08:11,430
The circumference of the earth is just under 25,000 miles.

144
00:08:11,430 --> 00:08:16,430
So, in one hour, the earth turns 1037 miles.

145
00:08:17,400 --> 00:08:20,790
And say, back home, some heavenly body usually pops up

146
00:08:20,790 --> 00:08:23,460
over the horizon every night at 10:00 PM.

147
00:08:23,460 --> 00:08:27,000
If on your ship it pops up at 11:00 PM,

148
00:08:27,000 --> 00:08:30,990
then home has to be 1037 miles of earth turn

149
00:08:30,990 --> 00:08:32,523
from where you are, right?

150
00:08:35,040 --> 00:08:37,260
So, what you need to work out longitude,

151
00:08:37,260 --> 00:08:39,690
anywhere on the planet is something to tell you

152
00:08:39,690 --> 00:08:42,273
exactly what time it is back at home.

153
00:08:45,630 --> 00:08:49,170
Now, I can see you thinking why is this such a big deal?

154
00:08:49,170 --> 00:08:52,080
Clocks have been around for ages before then.

155
00:08:52,080 --> 00:08:53,850
There are pendulum clocks,

156
00:08:53,850 --> 00:08:56,490
but on a ship moving up and down and side to side

157
00:08:56,490 --> 00:08:59,973
with the sea, a pendulum clock is just no good.

158
00:09:03,365 --> 00:09:05,880
Or, there are clocks working on springs,

159
00:09:05,880 --> 00:09:08,910
but they need a constant temperature to stay accurate.

160
00:09:08,910 --> 00:09:10,980
No good if you're on a long distance voyage

161
00:09:10,980 --> 00:09:12,603
through different climate zones.

162
00:09:14,700 --> 00:09:17,364
Bear in mind that we're heading

163
00:09:17,364 --> 00:09:19,103
for a machine that can fabricate anything.

164
00:09:21,000 --> 00:09:24,000
And here we have another one of those marvelous innovations

165
00:09:24,000 --> 00:09:26,040
that makes history such a good yarn,

166
00:09:26,040 --> 00:09:29,550
because never had such a tiny invention had

167
00:09:29,550 --> 00:09:31,814
such huge consequences.

168
00:09:34,170 --> 00:09:37,800
John Harrison modifies the spring that powers his clock,

169
00:09:37,800 --> 00:09:41,340
fitting it with a tiny brass and steel slider

170
00:09:41,340 --> 00:09:43,080
that compensates for any expansion

171
00:09:43,080 --> 00:09:44,970
or contraction of the spring

172
00:09:44,970 --> 00:09:46,800
due to temperature changes on route

173
00:09:46,800 --> 00:09:48,960
that might affect the accuracy.

174
00:09:48,960 --> 00:09:49,793
Clever stuff.

175
00:09:51,840 --> 00:09:55,410
In 1785, his new marine chronometer sets off

176
00:09:55,410 --> 00:09:57,660
on the 81 day test voyage,

177
00:09:57,660 --> 00:10:00,630
keeps perfect time and allows the captain to put

178
00:10:00,630 --> 00:10:02,730
the ship within a nautical mile

179
00:10:02,730 --> 00:10:04,860
of where it's supposed to be.

180
00:10:04,860 --> 00:10:06,990
Harrison wins the big prize,

181
00:10:06,990 --> 00:10:09,290
though it takes him 10 years to get the money.

182
00:10:10,320 --> 00:10:12,810
And his new chronometer is a total game changer,

183
00:10:12,810 --> 00:10:15,720
because it opens up the East West Trade Routes

184
00:10:15,720 --> 00:10:17,640
for cargo ships carrying stuff

185
00:10:17,640 --> 00:10:21,030
that's going to make you money when they get to port.

186
00:10:21,030 --> 00:10:23,610
Now, they're gonna do that every time,

187
00:10:23,610 --> 00:10:26,427
hence the phrase, "when my ship comes in."

188
00:10:33,843 --> 00:10:36,690
That simple clock changes the world.

189
00:10:36,690 --> 00:10:39,660
Now, thanks to imports of exotic spices,

190
00:10:39,660 --> 00:10:41,730
ordinary people can season their food

191
00:10:41,730 --> 00:10:43,980
with pepper or curry powder.

192
00:10:43,980 --> 00:10:47,673
You no longer have to be super rich to eat oranges

193
00:10:47,673 --> 00:10:48,506
or pineapples.

194
00:10:48,506 --> 00:10:50,883
Trade becomes a social leveler,

195
00:10:51,870 --> 00:10:54,772
but on our journey towards a future machine

196
00:10:54,772 --> 00:10:55,605
that can make anything,

197
00:10:55,605 --> 00:10:58,890
one particular type of import is about to make a big impact.

198
00:10:58,890 --> 00:11:02,512
The raw material to make textiles, cotton.

199
00:11:08,160 --> 00:11:11,550
England imported its cotton from plantations in India.

200
00:11:11,550 --> 00:11:14,010
Thanks to the explosion in merchant shipping,

201
00:11:14,010 --> 00:11:16,413
it arrives in England in huge amounts.

202
00:11:18,390 --> 00:11:20,890
To go to English cities like Bolton

203
00:11:20,890 --> 00:11:24,210
where it is hand spun and manually woven

204
00:11:24,210 --> 00:11:27,030
into fabric by individual weavers working

205
00:11:27,030 --> 00:11:28,203
in their own cottages.

206
00:11:30,810 --> 00:11:33,720
But, businessman Richard Arkwright is looking

207
00:11:33,720 --> 00:11:36,903
for ways to make cloth cheaper and make even more money.

208
00:11:39,210 --> 00:11:41,910
So, he comes up with a machine to make thread

209
00:11:41,910 --> 00:11:44,040
and then spin it into a yarn

210
00:11:44,040 --> 00:11:46,203
much faster than a human worker can do.

211
00:11:47,700 --> 00:11:49,383
And here's how it works.

212
00:11:52,073 --> 00:11:54,873
A water wheel turned a number of different sized rollers

213
00:11:57,154 --> 00:11:58,950
to tease out cotton from a mass,

214
00:11:58,950 --> 00:12:02,010
pull it into threads and tighten it.

215
00:12:02,010 --> 00:12:05,190
And then you run the cotton thread onto spinning bobbins

216
00:12:05,190 --> 00:12:08,253
that twist a thread into yarn for the loom.

217
00:12:11,910 --> 00:12:14,370
The first amazing thing about this trick is

218
00:12:14,370 --> 00:12:17,056
that you can line up a lot of these machines

219
00:12:17,056 --> 00:12:18,540
in a big room and make lots of yarn

220
00:12:18,540 --> 00:12:21,090
with a few unskilled people

221
00:12:21,090 --> 00:12:24,600
in a new kind of place called a textile factory,

222
00:12:24,600 --> 00:12:26,880
making a massive product in a process

223
00:12:26,880 --> 00:12:29,523
we would recognize as mass production.

224
00:12:35,280 --> 00:12:38,130
And as so often happens with unexpected connections,

225
00:12:38,130 --> 00:12:40,650
they have unintended consequences.

226
00:12:40,650 --> 00:12:42,870
Mass production by machine changes

227
00:12:42,870 --> 00:12:44,553
the entire way people live.

228
00:12:46,800 --> 00:12:49,643
Factories bring with them a total shift

229
00:12:49,643 --> 00:12:51,960
in the way people work, regular hours,

230
00:12:51,960 --> 00:12:55,293
regular wages, clocking in and out, and shift work.

231
00:12:56,880 --> 00:12:59,220
And stimulating the future changing idea

232
00:12:59,220 --> 00:13:02,032
that machines can replace people.

233
00:13:12,240 --> 00:13:14,250
Mass production textile machines are

234
00:13:14,250 --> 00:13:17,010
a giant leap forwards towards a future

235
00:13:17,010 --> 00:13:20,760
where machines can eliminate poverty and work.

236
00:13:20,760 --> 00:13:23,190
But, the unintended consequences

237
00:13:23,190 --> 00:13:25,729
of Arkwright's machine are going to do

238
00:13:25,729 --> 00:13:28,713
almost exactly the opposite and have far-reaching effects.

239
00:13:32,820 --> 00:13:34,590
Instead of a weaver working in the comfort

240
00:13:34,590 --> 00:13:38,280
of his or her cottage, maybe part of a rural village,

241
00:13:38,280 --> 00:13:40,280
people are forced to move to the cities.

242
00:13:41,340 --> 00:13:44,220
And the drive for profits comes at a cost.

243
00:13:44,220 --> 00:13:45,840
Wages are driven down,

244
00:13:45,840 --> 00:13:47,790
and people have to work longer hours

245
00:13:47,790 --> 00:13:49,953
in brutal and dangerous conditions.

246
00:13:53,370 --> 00:13:54,630
To get enough bread on the table,

247
00:13:54,630 --> 00:13:57,210
children have to contribute to family income,

248
00:13:57,210 --> 00:13:59,460
and so the workforce in these new mills

249
00:13:59,460 --> 00:14:01,053
often includes a lot of kids,

250
00:14:03,030 --> 00:14:04,533
many of them orphans.

251
00:14:05,790 --> 00:14:07,380
And with nowhere else to go,

252
00:14:07,380 --> 00:14:11,823
orphans aged between six and 15 end up in the poor house.

253
00:14:12,840 --> 00:14:15,570
Pretty dreadful places to eek out an existence.

254
00:14:15,570 --> 00:14:17,477
Think of all of Oliver Twist

255
00:14:17,477 --> 00:14:18,900
if you've seen the film or read the book.

256
00:14:18,900 --> 00:14:20,490
It sounds inhuman to us now.

257
00:14:20,490 --> 00:14:22,770
Kids like that being put out to work

258
00:14:22,770 --> 00:14:26,340
for food and a miserable bed in a packed dormitory,

259
00:14:26,340 --> 00:14:28,470
one of other youngsters like them,

260
00:14:28,470 --> 00:14:30,363
effectively bonded slavery.

261
00:14:32,190 --> 00:14:34,190
Not that any of this troubles Arkwright.

262
00:14:36,210 --> 00:14:38,580
As a result of his little yarn maker,

263
00:14:38,580 --> 00:14:41,040
Arkwright becomes, A, rich.

264
00:14:41,040 --> 00:14:43,020
He ends up living in a swanky mansion

265
00:14:43,020 --> 00:14:46,560
and making the modern equivalent of 200 million,

266
00:14:46,560 --> 00:14:49,530
and B, famous, traveling all over

267
00:14:49,530 --> 00:14:51,630
the country talking about his business

268
00:14:51,630 --> 00:14:54,843
and working with people who want his money or his ideas.

269
00:14:55,980 --> 00:14:58,380
One of these people lives in Glasgow, Scotland,

270
00:14:58,380 --> 00:15:01,470
where in 1784 Arkwright does a deal

271
00:15:01,470 --> 00:15:03,856
with an ex-weaver called David Dale.

272
00:15:05,730 --> 00:15:09,300
Dale will change the future in a big way.

273
00:15:09,300 --> 00:15:13,380
He finds the idea of the poor houses unacceptable,

274
00:15:13,380 --> 00:15:15,780
because he wants children to be treated better,

275
00:15:15,780 --> 00:15:18,270
in particular, those orphans.

276
00:15:18,270 --> 00:15:19,980
So, he bends Arkwright's ear

277
00:15:19,980 --> 00:15:22,320
about his ideas for social justice,

278
00:15:22,320 --> 00:15:25,590
and amazingly Arkwright listens.

279
00:15:25,590 --> 00:15:28,680
And between them, Dale and Arkwright introduce

280
00:15:28,680 --> 00:15:31,320
a social experiment, a textile factory

281
00:15:31,320 --> 00:15:34,323
in the nearby town of New Lanark on the River Clyde.

282
00:15:36,030 --> 00:15:38,490
And because Dale wants his new factories to be

283
00:15:38,490 --> 00:15:40,230
a force for good,

284
00:15:40,230 --> 00:15:43,953
the working conditions are, well, unheard of.

285
00:15:45,720 --> 00:15:46,620
For instance,

286
00:15:46,620 --> 00:15:48,952
the children's sleeping quarters are

287
00:15:48,952 --> 00:15:50,885
actually cleaned regularly.

288
00:15:52,020 --> 00:15:54,300
Work has to end by seven in the evening

289
00:15:54,300 --> 00:15:56,150
with breaks for breakfast and dinner.

290
00:15:57,660 --> 00:16:02,070
Everybody gets two sets of work clothes washed regularly,

291
00:16:02,070 --> 00:16:04,110
a day school for the under sixes

292
00:16:04,110 --> 00:16:06,450
and an evening school for the rest.

293
00:16:06,450 --> 00:16:09,090
Reading, writing and arithmetic plus

294
00:16:09,090 --> 00:16:12,840
sewing, music and religious studies.

295
00:16:12,840 --> 00:16:14,730
16 teachers.

296
00:16:14,730 --> 00:16:16,890
There's nothing like it in the entire country,

297
00:16:16,890 --> 00:16:20,610
and people come from everywhere to be amazed at this,

298
00:16:20,610 --> 00:16:23,403
a complete rethink of child labor.

299
00:16:28,800 --> 00:16:30,133
So, how is all this leading us to

300
00:16:30,133 --> 00:16:33,183
a future where machines can build anything imaginable?

301
00:16:35,970 --> 00:16:38,280
Syphilis leads to a fashion for bigger

302
00:16:38,280 --> 00:16:40,200
and more expensive wigs in the court

303
00:16:40,200 --> 00:16:43,380
of Louis the 14th copied by arch rival,

304
00:16:43,380 --> 00:16:44,500
Sir Cloudesley Shovell

305
00:16:45,570 --> 00:16:47,670
whose disastrous shipwreck triggers

306
00:16:47,670 --> 00:16:50,640
the longitudinal competition won by Harrison

307
00:16:50,640 --> 00:16:53,430
with his spring compensator mechanism allowing

308
00:16:53,430 --> 00:16:56,530
a boom in sea trade bringing cotton to English mills

309
00:16:57,840 --> 00:17:00,930
where Arkwright's machine triggers mass industrialization

310
00:17:00,930 --> 00:17:02,853
and all the evils that come with it.

311
00:17:04,110 --> 00:17:05,970
Countered by Dale who creates

312
00:17:05,970 --> 00:17:09,630
a factory to house a workforce treated more fairly,

313
00:17:09,630 --> 00:17:11,501
and attracts the attention

314
00:17:11,501 --> 00:17:13,680
of movers and shakers interested in how machines can make

315
00:17:13,680 --> 00:17:15,483
life better, not worse.

316
00:17:18,270 --> 00:17:22,740
Including in 1799 a left winger called Robert Owen,

317
00:17:22,740 --> 00:17:25,263
another champion of children's rights.

318
00:17:26,460 --> 00:17:29,340
A socialist 20 years before the word is coined,

319
00:17:29,340 --> 00:17:31,530
Owen and his partners buy the mill,

320
00:17:31,530 --> 00:17:33,723
and Owen marries Dale's daughter.

321
00:17:35,490 --> 00:17:37,680
By now, there are about 2000 workers

322
00:17:37,680 --> 00:17:39,660
including 500 orphan children,

323
00:17:39,660 --> 00:17:43,680
and Owen immediately reduces their working day by an hour.

324
00:17:43,680 --> 00:17:48,360
One 60th of the mill wages is deducted to pay for sickness,

325
00:17:48,360 --> 00:17:52,710
injury and old age, an early form of pension.

326
00:17:52,710 --> 00:17:55,260
Factory housing is run by workers.

327
00:17:55,260 --> 00:17:58,020
A school is provided for even the smallest children

328
00:17:58,020 --> 00:18:01,590
and is known as the Institute for the Formation of Character

329
00:18:01,590 --> 00:18:03,513
where there is no punishment.

330
00:18:04,620 --> 00:18:07,293
Curriculum includes music and country dancing.

331
00:18:10,560 --> 00:18:11,540
Over a 10 year period,

332
00:18:11,540 --> 00:18:14,943
20,000 visitors come to see Owen's ideas in action,

333
00:18:16,050 --> 00:18:18,210
but he's not finished helping the kids.

334
00:18:18,210 --> 00:18:20,880
Owen lobbies parliament to prohibit employment

335
00:18:20,880 --> 00:18:23,970
for under 10s and reduce the working day

336
00:18:23,970 --> 00:18:26,070
to 10 and a half hours.

337
00:18:26,070 --> 00:18:27,900
It takes 30 years to implement,

338
00:18:27,900 --> 00:18:29,703
but the seed is planted here.

339
00:18:31,170 --> 00:18:33,180
Gradually, Owen comes to the view

340
00:18:33,180 --> 00:18:35,370
that capitalism and profit are causing

341
00:18:35,370 --> 00:18:39,197
the major social problems of immorality and poverty.

342
00:18:40,470 --> 00:18:43,080
And that machinery shouldn't replace humans,

343
00:18:43,080 --> 00:18:45,330
but help them to become more productive,

344
00:18:45,330 --> 00:18:47,613
and above all reduce their hours of work.

345
00:18:49,080 --> 00:18:50,730
By 1820, he's talking about

346
00:18:50,730 --> 00:18:52,440
what we would now recognize

347
00:18:52,440 --> 00:18:55,293
as trade unions protecting workers' rights.

348
00:18:58,320 --> 00:19:01,863
These crazy ideas go down like lead balloons in Britain.

349
00:19:02,700 --> 00:19:04,650
To get his ideas into practice,

350
00:19:04,650 --> 00:19:06,394
Owen looks for somewhere

351
00:19:06,394 --> 00:19:08,670
that will let him carry out his social experiments,

352
00:19:08,670 --> 00:19:10,530
somewhere like America.

353
00:19:10,530 --> 00:19:13,800
So, in 1825 he spends most of his money on buying

354
00:19:13,800 --> 00:19:15,920
a ready-built township in Indiana,

355
00:19:15,920 --> 00:19:19,563
30,000 acres called New Harmony.

356
00:19:21,210 --> 00:19:23,160
Owen arrives there in February, 1826

357
00:19:23,160 --> 00:19:25,500
with a boatload of volunteers,

358
00:19:25,500 --> 00:19:28,443
and they immediately set up the community's constitution.

359
00:19:29,370 --> 00:19:32,190
Aims include no private property,

360
00:19:32,190 --> 00:19:33,990
freedom of speech and action,

361
00:19:33,990 --> 00:19:37,740
kindness and courtesy, order without law

362
00:19:37,740 --> 00:19:39,123
and community healthcare.

363
00:19:39,960 --> 00:19:42,150
Kids below five do exercise.

364
00:19:42,150 --> 00:19:43,893
Six to nine do schooling.

365
00:19:44,730 --> 00:19:47,250
10 to 12 help in houses and gardens.

366
00:19:47,250 --> 00:19:51,120
Teenagers technical training age 20 to 30 help

367
00:19:51,120 --> 00:19:52,860
with the schooling.

368
00:19:52,860 --> 00:19:54,130
30 to 40 govern the homes.

369
00:19:54,130 --> 00:19:58,533
40 to 60 external relations, and travel if needed.

370
00:19:59,580 --> 00:20:00,450
But, nothing is settled

371
00:20:00,450 --> 00:20:02,340
about how to actually run the place,

372
00:20:02,340 --> 00:20:05,043
so it doesn't run very well at all.

373
00:20:06,600 --> 00:20:09,600
Within a year, everybody's at each other's throats.

374
00:20:09,600 --> 00:20:11,610
The utopian experiment has failed,

375
00:20:11,610 --> 00:20:14,703
and in 1828 New Harmony closes down.

376
00:20:17,460 --> 00:20:19,050
But, before it closes,

377
00:20:19,050 --> 00:20:22,020
it's home to a local guy who also loves machines

378
00:20:22,020 --> 00:20:23,820
and how they can make things for us.

379
00:20:25,020 --> 00:20:26,043
At the age of 18,

380
00:20:26,043 --> 00:20:28,410
he's built his own organ from scratch

381
00:20:28,410 --> 00:20:30,660
and gone on to compose band music

382
00:20:30,660 --> 00:20:32,673
and play multiple wind instruments.

383
00:20:34,380 --> 00:20:37,770
This talented type is Josiah Warren,

384
00:20:37,770 --> 00:20:40,080
and his time in New Harmony gives him

385
00:20:40,080 --> 00:20:42,300
a keen interest in social justice,

386
00:20:42,300 --> 00:20:44,850
so he wants to apply his technical skills to share

387
00:20:44,850 --> 00:20:48,660
his left wing ideas as widely as possible.

388
00:20:48,660 --> 00:20:51,300
In 1835, he pioneers a special type

389
00:20:51,300 --> 00:20:54,125
of rotary printing press.

390
00:21:00,618 --> 00:21:02,370
It uses a continuous roll of paper

391
00:21:02,370 --> 00:21:06,030
that let it print faster than any previous press.

392
00:21:06,030 --> 00:21:08,937
Warren called it the speed press.

393
00:21:13,770 --> 00:21:16,080
Basically, the printing plates carrying

394
00:21:16,080 --> 00:21:19,110
the typeface of what is to be printed are inked

395
00:21:19,110 --> 00:21:21,033
and then mounted around a cylinder.

396
00:21:21,930 --> 00:21:23,910
When the cylinder is revolved,

397
00:21:23,910 --> 00:21:25,500
and a continuous roll of paper passed

398
00:21:25,500 --> 00:21:29,370
over the revolving cylinder pressing against the plates,

399
00:21:29,370 --> 00:21:32,580
one cylinder revolution prints one page.

400
00:21:32,580 --> 00:21:35,340
Run it until you have the number of pages you want,

401
00:21:35,340 --> 00:21:36,690
and then stop.

402
00:21:36,690 --> 00:21:38,010
Cut the printed sheets out.

403
00:21:38,010 --> 00:21:42,570
The machine can do an unheard of 40 to 60 copies a minute.

404
00:21:42,570 --> 00:21:45,213
Print workers can only manage six copies a minute.

405
00:21:46,260 --> 00:21:47,400
Here we go again.

406
00:21:47,400 --> 00:21:51,450
Once more, an efficient machine has unintended consequences.

407
00:21:51,450 --> 00:21:54,150
It puts people out of a job.

408
00:21:54,150 --> 00:21:55,700
Seeing the writing on the wall,

409
00:21:56,642 --> 00:21:57,653
the workers go on strike.

410
00:21:58,509 --> 00:22:00,993
But, it's too late, machines are here to stay.

411
00:22:03,720 --> 00:22:05,910
Typically, Warren doesn't take out a patent,

412
00:22:05,910 --> 00:22:08,640
but leaves the machine free for anybody to use,

413
00:22:08,640 --> 00:22:09,690
which they do.

414
00:22:09,690 --> 00:22:13,527
Later on, elsewhere, somebody does patent the idea

415
00:22:13,527 --> 00:22:15,024
and makes a fortune.

416
00:22:18,780 --> 00:22:20,400
Political opinion pieces churn off

417
00:22:20,400 --> 00:22:22,560
these presses by the million.

418
00:22:22,560 --> 00:22:23,400
And unlike newspapers,

419
00:22:23,400 --> 00:22:24,753
these pamphlets are free.

420
00:22:25,590 --> 00:22:27,960
And some of them carry the socialist ideas

421
00:22:27,960 --> 00:22:29,160
that begin to take hold.

422
00:22:30,420 --> 00:22:32,910
They talk a lot about labor and the workers

423
00:22:32,910 --> 00:22:36,360
in this new era of capitalists, their machines

424
00:22:36,360 --> 00:22:38,220
and mass production.

425
00:22:38,220 --> 00:22:40,890
In 1840, this printed book hits the shelves.

426
00:22:40,890 --> 00:22:43,680
It's called "What Is Property?"

427
00:22:43,680 --> 00:22:45,787
and it contains the famous slogan,

428
00:22:45,787 --> 00:22:48,147
"All property is theft."

429
00:22:49,110 --> 00:22:50,250
Now, you might be thinking,

430
00:22:50,250 --> 00:22:53,040
you know who writes political slogans like these,

431
00:22:53,040 --> 00:22:54,240
Karl Marx?

432
00:22:54,240 --> 00:22:55,840
Nobody forgets a face like that,

433
00:22:58,410 --> 00:23:00,210
but it isn't written by him.

434
00:23:00,210 --> 00:23:02,310
It's actually written by a revolutionary

435
00:23:02,310 --> 00:23:05,250
who goes by the name of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon,

436
00:23:05,250 --> 00:23:08,100
author of at least 45 books.

437
00:23:08,100 --> 00:23:11,920
No surprise, for a while, Karl Marx is a Proudhon supporter

438
00:23:13,050 --> 00:23:16,170
until Pong goes a bit too far even for Marx

439
00:23:16,170 --> 00:23:17,703
and gets into anarchy.

440
00:23:18,840 --> 00:23:21,690
In 1851, Proudhon writes something

441
00:23:21,690 --> 00:23:22,980
I can't resist quoting,

442
00:23:22,980 --> 00:23:26,463
because it sums up what an anarchist thinks of the state.

443
00:23:27,427 --> 00:23:30,900
"To be governed is to be watched, inspected,

444
00:23:30,900 --> 00:23:34,320
spied upon directed, law driven,

445
00:23:34,320 --> 00:23:39,120
numbered, regulated, enrolled, indoctrinated, preached at,

446
00:23:39,120 --> 00:23:43,710
controlled, checked, estimated, valued, censored,

447
00:23:43,710 --> 00:23:47,400
commanded by creatures who have neither the right

448
00:23:47,400 --> 00:23:49,917
nor the wisdom nor the virtue to do so."

449
00:23:51,450 --> 00:23:53,790
Now here's where connections take a twist.

450
00:23:53,790 --> 00:23:56,820
Remember the term, "All property is theft"?

451
00:23:56,820 --> 00:23:58,410
It turned out to be true,

452
00:23:58,410 --> 00:24:00,960
because Proudhon has an unpublished book

453
00:24:00,960 --> 00:24:03,990
full of juicy quotes like the one I just read.

454
00:24:03,990 --> 00:24:06,480
It's one of Proudhon's most ambitious works,

455
00:24:06,480 --> 00:24:10,950
and enjoys a great title "War and Peace",

456
00:24:10,950 --> 00:24:13,380
which comes to the attention of this chap,

457
00:24:13,380 --> 00:24:18,333
a 32 year old Russian aristocrat Count Leo Tolstoy.

458
00:24:19,290 --> 00:24:20,790
Well, you know what happens next?

459
00:24:20,790 --> 00:24:22,980
Quicker than you could say, "plagiarism,"

460
00:24:22,980 --> 00:24:25,200
Tolstoy snitches the phrase as the title

461
00:24:25,200 --> 00:24:26,310
for what is to become

462
00:24:26,310 --> 00:24:29,210
what many people consider the greatest novel ever written.

463
00:24:35,670 --> 00:24:37,650
Taking six years to complete,

464
00:24:37,650 --> 00:24:41,040
the book figures no fewer than 580 characters,

465
00:24:41,040 --> 00:24:43,530
many of them real people like Napoleon

466
00:24:43,530 --> 00:24:44,580
and the Russian Czar.

467
00:24:48,240 --> 00:24:50,700
Tolstoy sees the book less as fiction

468
00:24:50,700 --> 00:24:52,080
and more an examination

469
00:24:52,080 --> 00:24:54,480
of contemporary social and political issues,

470
00:24:54,480 --> 00:24:56,687
all the stuff that Proudhon covets.

471
00:24:58,920 --> 00:25:00,090
None of which stops it from being

472
00:25:00,090 --> 00:25:03,603
a real page turner when it's finally published in 1869.

473
00:25:04,590 --> 00:25:06,510
Jammed with gripping subplots,

474
00:25:06,510 --> 00:25:09,579
passion, intrigue, and major battle scenes.

475
00:25:12,000 --> 00:25:13,110
And I can't help feeling that's

476
00:25:13,110 --> 00:25:14,970
the worst critique of Tolstoy's "War and peace"

477
00:25:14,970 --> 00:25:16,160
you've ever heard.

478
00:25:20,973 --> 00:25:23,670
Now, all this world shaping politics does go on

479
00:25:23,670 --> 00:25:25,350
to change the world.

480
00:25:25,350 --> 00:25:27,900
The rise of 20th Century communism,

481
00:25:27,900 --> 00:25:30,652
the political movements that bring down monarchies

482
00:25:30,652 --> 00:25:31,652
in Russia and China.

483
00:25:33,300 --> 00:25:38,193
But for us, Tolstoy leads us to a dolphin.

484
00:25:40,156 --> 00:25:41,406
That's right. Here he is.

485
00:25:43,050 --> 00:25:46,053
Remember, all these connections are leading us to machines

486
00:25:46,053 --> 00:25:47,613
that can make anything.

487
00:25:48,480 --> 00:25:51,630
Syphilis and wigs, Shovell and shipwreck,

488
00:25:51,630 --> 00:25:55,563
Harrison's navigational clock, a booming trade in cotton.

489
00:25:56,490 --> 00:25:58,860
Arkwright's labor saving thread maker

490
00:25:58,860 --> 00:26:02,733
in Dale's worker friendly factory bought by Robert Owen,

491
00:26:03,870 --> 00:26:06,060
who exports the ideas he hones there

492
00:26:06,060 --> 00:26:08,640
to New Harmony in the United States

493
00:26:08,640 --> 00:26:11,400
where resident Josiah Warren is inspired to create

494
00:26:11,400 --> 00:26:13,380
a machine that will revolutionize printing,

495
00:26:13,380 --> 00:26:16,590
quite literally, leading job losses

496
00:26:16,590 --> 00:26:18,630
and a huge increase in political pamphlets

497
00:26:18,630 --> 00:26:22,530
and books spreading Joseph Proudhon's ideas

498
00:26:22,530 --> 00:26:25,230
of property and theft to Leo Tolstoy

499
00:26:25,230 --> 00:26:27,000
who steals the name "War and Peace"

500
00:26:27,000 --> 00:26:29,500
and makes himself a household name in the process.

501
00:26:32,100 --> 00:26:34,320
And, this is where connections can be so random

502
00:26:34,320 --> 00:26:36,247
that they are totally unexpected.

503
00:26:37,320 --> 00:26:40,530
It's all because of Tolstoy's grandson Ilya

504
00:26:40,530 --> 00:26:43,083
who loves dolphins and animals generally.

505
00:26:45,330 --> 00:26:48,300
In 1924, Ilya uses the Tolstoy name

506
00:26:48,300 --> 00:26:51,090
and influence to move to the United States.

507
00:26:51,090 --> 00:26:52,740
And after a couple of years of university

508
00:26:52,740 --> 00:26:54,210
in animal husbandry,

509
00:26:54,210 --> 00:26:57,437
he comes to the attention of a guy called Douglas Burden.

510
00:26:58,558 --> 00:27:02,927
(intense instrumental music)

511
00:27:02,927 --> 00:27:06,150
When burden and Ilya Tolstoy meet,

512
00:27:06,150 --> 00:27:09,810
Burden's working on a movie called "The Silent Enemy",

513
00:27:09,810 --> 00:27:12,060
all about the disappearing herds of caribou

514
00:27:12,060 --> 00:27:14,370
in northern Canadian wilderness,

515
00:27:14,370 --> 00:27:16,950
and the starving first nation American tribes

516
00:27:16,950 --> 00:27:18,570
who depend on them.

517
00:27:18,570 --> 00:27:20,880
This appeals to Tolstoy who treks off

518
00:27:20,880 --> 00:27:24,330
to what's known as the Canadian Barron lands.

519
00:27:24,330 --> 00:27:25,650
You get the feel.

520
00:27:25,650 --> 00:27:28,530
But, returns with nothing but background shots,

521
00:27:28,530 --> 00:27:31,313
because the caribou won't come close enough to be filmed.

522
00:27:35,640 --> 00:27:39,990
However, the experience has whetted Tolstoy's appetite,

523
00:27:39,990 --> 00:27:41,520
and soon he's off again

524
00:27:41,520 --> 00:27:44,760
with Burden and others on more natural history filming.

525
00:27:44,760 --> 00:27:46,798
Native beaters follow

526
00:27:46,798 --> 00:27:48,448
a centuries old practice to create the terrific din.

527
00:27:48,448 --> 00:27:51,352
During which they watch people making a film,

528
00:27:51,352 --> 00:27:53,943
which includes an elephant stampede.

529
00:27:54,930 --> 00:27:57,060
And as filmmakers often do,

530
00:27:57,060 --> 00:28:00,630
it's faked, shot in a controlled environment using

531
00:28:00,630 --> 00:28:03,390
a stockade full of elephants.

532
00:28:03,390 --> 00:28:05,160
Now, here's the unexpected bit.

533
00:28:05,160 --> 00:28:07,500
It occurs to burden an Ilya

534
00:28:07,500 --> 00:28:10,230
that the same approach might be tried

535
00:28:10,230 --> 00:28:11,765
with underwater scenes.

536
00:28:15,390 --> 00:28:17,310
So, Ilya is sent to scout

537
00:28:17,310 --> 00:28:20,260
for the equivalent of an underwater stockade

538
00:28:21,300 --> 00:28:25,080
and comes up with a place in Florida on the ocean

539
00:28:25,080 --> 00:28:27,000
where in 1938, he and Burden

540
00:28:27,000 --> 00:28:30,840
and other well-heeled pals set up a facility called

541
00:28:30,840 --> 00:28:32,373
Marine Studios.

542
00:28:34,800 --> 00:28:36,720
This is an aquarium

543
00:28:36,720 --> 00:28:37,710
where they're going to develop

544
00:28:37,710 --> 00:28:40,200
underwater filming techniques,

545
00:28:40,200 --> 00:28:42,570
and where you'll always get the animal shots

546
00:28:42,570 --> 00:28:44,310
and not just empty background,

547
00:28:44,310 --> 00:28:47,848
because you stock the site with the marine animals

548
00:28:47,848 --> 00:28:48,681
you want to shoot.

549
00:28:48,681 --> 00:28:50,370
As has been done with the elephants,

550
00:28:50,370 --> 00:28:53,542
the place has dozens of portals through which

551
00:28:53,542 --> 00:28:55,830
the filmmakers can get up close to the undersea world

552
00:28:55,830 --> 00:28:57,273
from all angles.

553
00:29:01,320 --> 00:29:02,580
When the place opens,

554
00:29:02,580 --> 00:29:03,720
the partners are surprised

555
00:29:03,720 --> 00:29:05,160
when members of the public arrive

556
00:29:05,160 --> 00:29:06,963
to stare through the portholes too.

557
00:29:08,730 --> 00:29:10,440
And more than just a few.

558
00:29:10,440 --> 00:29:12,963
30,000 people arrive on the first day.

559
00:29:14,220 --> 00:29:18,030
So, Marine Studios morphs into Marineland,

560
00:29:18,030 --> 00:29:20,100
the world's first oceanarium

561
00:29:20,100 --> 00:29:21,030
where the marine animals

562
00:29:21,030 --> 00:29:23,130
they've introduced get to stare at you,

563
00:29:23,130 --> 00:29:25,320
because they leap outta the water to do so,

564
00:29:25,320 --> 00:29:28,080
because they're bottle nose dolphins,

565
00:29:28,080 --> 00:29:30,303
which get up to all kinds of amazing tricks.

566
00:29:34,624 --> 00:29:37,200
It soon seems clear that dolphins are highly intelligent

567
00:29:37,200 --> 00:29:39,478
in the way they interact with their human handlers.

568
00:29:42,510 --> 00:29:45,420
So, people begin to see them as more than performers,

569
00:29:45,420 --> 00:29:49,620
rather an opportunity to study animal communication.

570
00:29:49,620 --> 00:29:51,720
See, the real wow factor is

571
00:29:51,720 --> 00:29:54,345
in the way they seem to talk with each other.

572
00:29:55,828 --> 00:29:57,900
This can get pretty complicated,

573
00:29:57,900 --> 00:29:59,910
because sometimes in the wild,

574
00:29:59,910 --> 00:30:02,460
they travel in groups called pods,

575
00:30:02,460 --> 00:30:06,450
as many as 1000 talking to each other as a swim along,

576
00:30:06,450 --> 00:30:09,340
and in particular looking after their own family group.

577
00:30:12,660 --> 00:30:15,420
The whistles are self-identifying noises,

578
00:30:15,420 --> 00:30:16,590
and the dolphins can recognize

579
00:30:16,590 --> 00:30:17,910
another one's identifying whistle

580
00:30:17,910 --> 00:30:21,415
even after not hearing it for 20 years.

581
00:30:24,058 --> 00:30:26,640
The clicks they make are mainly for echo location,

582
00:30:26,640 --> 00:30:29,340
when they're approaching anything.

583
00:30:29,340 --> 00:30:31,320
And the click rate may increase

584
00:30:31,320 --> 00:30:34,200
if they're investigating something interesting.

585
00:30:34,200 --> 00:30:37,800
The clicks also tell a dolphin speed, size, shape,

586
00:30:37,800 --> 00:30:39,510
distance, and location of an object.

587
00:30:39,510 --> 00:30:42,360
So, the clicks are making a sound picture of their

588
00:30:42,360 --> 00:30:43,726
environment.

589
00:30:46,680 --> 00:30:48,180
Dolphins also interact with humans

590
00:30:48,180 --> 00:30:50,640
in extremely sophisticated ways.

591
00:30:50,640 --> 00:30:52,830
On one occasion in New Zealand forming

592
00:30:52,830 --> 00:30:54,810
a protective ring around swimmers

593
00:30:54,810 --> 00:30:56,790
and herding them into the shore

594
00:30:56,790 --> 00:30:59,880
when there are sharks attempting to get at them.

595
00:30:59,880 --> 00:31:01,350
In Laguna, Brazil,

596
00:31:01,350 --> 00:31:03,840
local dolphins regularly swim into the shore

597
00:31:03,840 --> 00:31:05,280
and make special movements to tell

598
00:31:05,280 --> 00:31:07,503
the local fishermen to cast their nets,

599
00:31:08,477 --> 00:31:11,190
and then they drive the fish into the nets.

600
00:31:11,190 --> 00:31:15,510
Above all dolphins appear to enjoy human company,

601
00:31:15,510 --> 00:31:17,490
and the amount of noise they make gives

602
00:31:17,490 --> 00:31:19,055
a definite impression

603
00:31:19,055 --> 00:31:22,170
that the dolphins are attempting to talk to us.

604
00:31:27,750 --> 00:31:29,791
What all this got to do with machines

605
00:31:29,791 --> 00:31:30,930
that can make anything?

606
00:31:30,930 --> 00:31:31,763
Bear with me.

607
00:31:33,870 --> 00:31:35,250
In the 1950s,

608
00:31:35,250 --> 00:31:39,210
an American neurophysiologist called John Lilly begins

609
00:31:39,210 --> 00:31:41,640
to look at whether or not dolphins have

610
00:31:41,640 --> 00:31:43,740
a structured language, and if so,

611
00:31:43,740 --> 00:31:47,010
whether they might be able to communicate with humans.

612
00:31:47,010 --> 00:31:50,490
He thinks he has proof that the animals can at least mimic

613
00:31:50,490 --> 00:31:51,633
human speech patterns.

614
00:31:52,470 --> 00:31:55,410
So, he ends up building a house in the Virgin Islands

615
00:31:55,410 --> 00:31:57,660
and flooding half of it so that humans

616
00:31:57,660 --> 00:32:00,420
and dolphins can live together.

617
00:32:00,420 --> 00:32:02,310
His early research papers argue

618
00:32:02,310 --> 00:32:04,996
that dolphins do indeed have a language.

619
00:32:04,996 --> 00:32:06,600
It's a pretty out there theory,

620
00:32:06,600 --> 00:32:08,850
but Lilly's a pretty out there kind of guy.

621
00:32:08,850 --> 00:32:11,580
And yes, you've guessed it, he's into drugs,

622
00:32:11,580 --> 00:32:14,403
and in particular, lysergic acid diethylamide,

623
00:32:15,510 --> 00:32:18,243
which you know as LSD.

624
00:32:20,670 --> 00:32:25,113
So, how LSD appears and why Lilly is so interested in it.

625
00:32:26,520 --> 00:32:29,460
On April the 19th, 1943,

626
00:32:29,460 --> 00:32:33,180
a chemist called Hoffman is cycling home from work.

627
00:32:33,180 --> 00:32:34,533
Due to wartime rationing,

628
00:32:35,698 --> 00:32:38,190
metal for cars is in short supply.

629
00:32:38,190 --> 00:32:40,170
Work has been testing various plants

630
00:32:40,170 --> 00:32:43,890
for potential development by his pharmaceutical employers.

631
00:32:43,890 --> 00:32:46,110
One of these tests produces a chemical

632
00:32:46,110 --> 00:32:49,953
Hoffman accidentally ingests before his cycle ride home.

633
00:32:50,910 --> 00:32:52,017
It's LSD.

634
00:32:52,017 --> 00:32:55,530
And so, during the trip he has a trip

635
00:32:55,530 --> 00:32:58,110
thanks to the LSD he's discovered in the lab

636
00:32:58,110 --> 00:33:01,350
and which has got into his system through his skin.

637
00:33:01,350 --> 00:33:04,290
Hoffman has discovered a psychiatric medication

638
00:33:04,290 --> 00:33:07,710
like nothing before, extraordinarily powerful

639
00:33:07,710 --> 00:33:09,720
even in small doses.

640
00:33:09,720 --> 00:33:12,120
And so, by the time of Lilly's dolphin work,

641
00:33:12,120 --> 00:33:14,370
LSD is in production and being used

642
00:33:14,370 --> 00:33:16,653
in psychiatry and in medical research.

643
00:33:17,880 --> 00:33:19,890
Of course, the CIA and the military become interested

644
00:33:19,890 --> 00:33:23,640
in LSD almost as soon as Hoffman discovers it.

645
00:33:23,640 --> 00:33:27,570
They're talking in terms of what they call mind control.

646
00:33:27,570 --> 00:33:32,100
In the early 1950s, the CIA even paid $240,000 to buy

647
00:33:32,100 --> 00:33:35,370
the world's entire supply of LSD to find out

648
00:33:35,370 --> 00:33:37,683
if it's a reliable tell the truth drug.

649
00:33:40,380 --> 00:33:41,213
It isn't.

650
00:33:42,305 --> 00:33:44,250
(plucky music)

651
00:33:44,250 --> 00:33:45,780
But, for a guy like Lilly,

652
00:33:45,780 --> 00:33:47,133
it's too good to miss,

653
00:33:48,810 --> 00:33:51,900
because Lilly's aim is a full-on conversation with dolphins.

654
00:33:51,900 --> 00:33:53,160
And to achieve that,

655
00:33:53,160 --> 00:33:55,510
you must first take a trip into your own brain.

656
00:33:57,780 --> 00:34:00,720
First, Lilly has been devising a safe environment

657
00:34:00,720 --> 00:34:03,120
where you can be totally alone with your brain,

658
00:34:03,120 --> 00:34:05,280
and he now wants to see if it contains

659
00:34:05,280 --> 00:34:07,503
any clues to communicating with dolphins.

660
00:34:08,730 --> 00:34:13,023
This safe environment becomes known as an isolation tank.

661
00:34:17,190 --> 00:34:19,350
It's full of warm salty water,

662
00:34:19,350 --> 00:34:23,370
so you float easily in total silence,

663
00:34:23,370 --> 00:34:26,403
cut off from all external stimulus.

664
00:34:27,300 --> 00:34:29,730
Part of what Lilly is looking at is

665
00:34:29,730 --> 00:34:34,224
whether total isolation as is one theory at the time,

666
00:34:36,155 --> 00:34:37,140
cuts you off so totally

667
00:34:37,140 --> 00:34:40,023
that your brain stops working,

668
00:34:40,920 --> 00:34:42,470
and you go into a kind of coma.

669
00:34:49,530 --> 00:34:51,930
Lilly proves this is not so,

670
00:34:51,930 --> 00:34:54,360
and that without external stimulus,

671
00:34:54,360 --> 00:34:57,180
the brain just generates its own,

672
00:34:57,180 --> 00:34:59,463
running its own scenarios, Lilly says.

673
00:35:00,750 --> 00:35:03,270
He also brings dolphins into the isolation tank

674
00:35:03,270 --> 00:35:05,880
with him and once isolated,

675
00:35:05,880 --> 00:35:08,343
he gives some of them injections of LSD.

676
00:35:09,330 --> 00:35:11,790
Now, this is all uncharted territory.

677
00:35:11,790 --> 00:35:14,220
The dolphins might have reacted erratically

678
00:35:14,220 --> 00:35:17,880
or even violently, but as soon as they see a human,

679
00:35:17,880 --> 00:35:19,350
they start clicking and whistling

680
00:35:19,350 --> 00:35:22,143
over and over for up to three hours at a time.

681
00:35:23,070 --> 00:35:26,760
In other words, as soon as the dolphin on LSD has contact

682
00:35:26,760 --> 00:35:29,943
with another intelligent mammal, it won't shut up,

683
00:35:30,840 --> 00:35:33,153
but nobody can understand what they're saying.

684
00:35:34,320 --> 00:35:36,600
In the end, Lilly fails to have

685
00:35:36,600 --> 00:35:38,373
any dolphin to human conversation.

686
00:35:40,440 --> 00:35:43,770
Meanwhile, the isolation tank, even without the drugs,

687
00:35:43,770 --> 00:35:46,068
becomes a great success as treatment

688
00:35:46,068 --> 00:35:47,550
for anything it ails you.

689
00:35:47,550 --> 00:35:49,200
The tank environment also generates

690
00:35:49,200 --> 00:35:52,833
what's known as deep relaxation, a form of meditation.

691
00:35:53,940 --> 00:35:56,640
The effects of this floating isolation are encouraging,

692
00:35:56,640 --> 00:35:59,057
cutting down significantly on stress, depression,

693
00:35:59,057 --> 00:36:00,843
anxiety, and pain.

694
00:36:02,220 --> 00:36:05,010
By the 1970s, tanks hit the shops,

695
00:36:05,010 --> 00:36:07,053
and the idea goes mainstream.

696
00:36:08,430 --> 00:36:10,654
Okay, where are we on our journey

697
00:36:10,654 --> 00:36:13,080
to a machine that can create anything we want?

698
00:36:13,080 --> 00:36:15,810
Syphilis and wigs, Shovell's shipwreck,

699
00:36:15,810 --> 00:36:17,730
Harrison's navigational clock,

700
00:36:17,730 --> 00:36:21,570
a booming trade in cotton, Dale's worker friendly factory,

701
00:36:21,570 --> 00:36:23,543
utopian New Harmony.

702
00:36:23,543 --> 00:36:27,360
Warren's printing press spreads the anarchist word

703
00:36:27,360 --> 00:36:30,869
to Proudhon who has his ideas pinched by Tolstoy,

704
00:36:30,869 --> 00:36:34,470
whose filmmaking grandson sets up an oceanarium

705
00:36:34,470 --> 00:36:37,020
with dolphins tripping on LSD thanks to

706
00:36:37,020 --> 00:36:39,234
Lilly's experiments in isolation tanks

707
00:36:39,234 --> 00:36:42,873
later enjoyed by millions of ordinary people,

708
00:36:44,340 --> 00:36:48,768
and one extraordinary person, Richard Feynman,

709
00:36:48,768 --> 00:36:52,302
maybe the most famous scientist in the world back then

710
00:36:52,302 --> 00:36:55,188
and certainly one of the greatest physicists in history.

711
00:36:55,188 --> 00:36:57,210
And like everybody with a special mind,

712
00:36:57,210 --> 00:36:59,850
Feynman is interested in the mind.

713
00:36:59,850 --> 00:37:03,150
So, he spends time floating in Lilly's isolation tank,

714
00:37:03,150 --> 00:37:06,060
and as he says, "hallucinating"

715
00:37:06,060 --> 00:37:07,770
after taking a little marijuana

716
00:37:07,770 --> 00:37:09,483
in order to study consciousness.

717
00:37:12,489 --> 00:37:15,030
Feynman's field is theoretical physics.

718
00:37:15,030 --> 00:37:18,170
Among other things, quantum electrodynamics,

719
00:37:18,170 --> 00:37:19,680
the interaction between light matter

720
00:37:19,680 --> 00:37:22,653
for which in 1965 he gets a Nobel Prize.

721
00:37:25,350 --> 00:37:28,020
Only one of the many things he's famous for is

722
00:37:28,020 --> 00:37:31,020
the Feynman Diagram intended to illustrate

723
00:37:31,020 --> 00:37:33,900
how subatomic particles interact

724
00:37:33,900 --> 00:37:36,450
and with a view to manipulating them.

725
00:37:36,450 --> 00:37:38,614
It revolutionizes the way physicists do

726
00:37:38,614 --> 00:37:42,480
complicated quantum electrodynamics equations changing

727
00:37:42,480 --> 00:37:46,110
their calculations from reams of complicated math

728
00:37:46,110 --> 00:37:48,540
to simple squiggly lines.

729
00:37:48,540 --> 00:37:52,020
So, this integral becomes this diagram.

730
00:37:52,020 --> 00:37:53,490
Simpler, right?

731
00:37:53,490 --> 00:37:55,090
Well, it was for the physicists.

732
00:37:56,850 --> 00:37:59,160
But anyways, Feynman spends the rest of his life being

733
00:37:59,160 --> 00:38:01,920
a genius and a very funny man,

734
00:38:01,920 --> 00:38:04,470
popularizing physics in books and lectures.

735
00:38:04,470 --> 00:38:08,580
Above all, perhaps, popularizing, way ahead of its time,

736
00:38:08,580 --> 00:38:11,460
the investigation of the teeny weeny

737
00:38:11,460 --> 00:38:13,740
and the key link to our future

738
00:38:13,740 --> 00:38:16,240
where anything can be made on the molecular level.

739
00:38:18,990 --> 00:38:21,685
In 1959, he gives a talk called,

740
00:38:21,685 --> 00:38:23,823
There's Plenty of Room at the bottom.

741
00:38:25,110 --> 00:38:27,044
Basically, he says that,

742
00:38:27,044 --> 00:38:29,220
"Down at the level of individual atoms is

743
00:38:29,220 --> 00:38:32,280
a world of incredible complexity and potential

744
00:38:32,280 --> 00:38:35,220
where we might be able to do extraordinary things

745
00:38:35,220 --> 00:38:39,240
if we were able to get down there and move atoms around."

746
00:38:39,240 --> 00:38:41,160
What Feynman describes is

747
00:38:41,160 --> 00:38:44,433
the beginnings of a new field, nanotechnology.

748
00:38:45,900 --> 00:38:48,420
Unfortunately, back then, there's no way to get

749
00:38:48,420 --> 00:38:49,980
to Feynman's tiny world,

750
00:38:49,980 --> 00:38:53,763
but he's pointed the way and soon others follow his lead.

751
00:38:54,960 --> 00:38:56,790
In 1981 comes a new device

752
00:38:56,790 --> 00:38:59,415
from a couple of scientists well acquainted

753
00:38:59,415 --> 00:39:00,248
with Feynman's work.

754
00:39:01,230 --> 00:39:03,960
This is extreme geek.

755
00:39:03,960 --> 00:39:07,260
It's called a scanning tunneling microscope,

756
00:39:07,260 --> 00:39:09,330
and it can photograph atoms

757
00:39:09,330 --> 00:39:11,760
by applying a small current through them

758
00:39:11,760 --> 00:39:13,143
and recording a reaction.

759
00:39:15,450 --> 00:39:17,910
As the metal wire passes over each atom,

760
00:39:17,910 --> 00:39:20,040
the current increases or decreases

761
00:39:20,040 --> 00:39:21,750
as it meets resistance.

762
00:39:21,750 --> 00:39:23,490
In this way, building up a picture

763
00:39:23,490 --> 00:39:26,163
of the shape and position of this atomic world.

764
00:39:28,620 --> 00:39:30,810
And here's the extraordinary view you get.

765
00:39:30,810 --> 00:39:33,423
These are actually atoms.

766
00:39:36,540 --> 00:39:38,430
The scanning tunneling microscope is designed

767
00:39:38,430 --> 00:39:41,580
by these two Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer

768
00:39:41,580 --> 00:39:43,803
at IBM's research lab in Zurich.

769
00:39:44,820 --> 00:39:48,616
It's so incredible, in 1986 they also earned

770
00:39:48,616 --> 00:39:50,733
the Nobel in physics for it.

771
00:39:52,320 --> 00:39:54,330
Then, it turns out that the voltage level can

772
00:39:54,330 --> 00:39:56,760
also be used to move an atom.

773
00:39:56,760 --> 00:39:58,170
You move the atom by giving the tip

774
00:39:58,170 --> 00:39:59,940
a sudden voltage boost,

775
00:39:59,940 --> 00:40:02,040
yet and then kind of clings to the tip.

776
00:40:02,040 --> 00:40:05,403
So you can pick it up, put it down again somewhere else.

777
00:40:07,350 --> 00:40:10,500
Like they do in this first go at it in 1990

778
00:40:10,500 --> 00:40:13,620
when they move 35 xenon atoms one at a time

779
00:40:13,620 --> 00:40:16,416
and write the letters IBM with them.

780
00:40:22,278 --> 00:40:24,120
Today, Feynman's vision is getting closer

781
00:40:24,120 --> 00:40:26,910
as we try to develop the nanotechnology to move

782
00:40:26,910 --> 00:40:29,820
and position atoms in specific ways.

783
00:40:29,820 --> 00:40:32,640
We can already do a very early simple version

784
00:40:32,640 --> 00:40:33,990
of that activity,

785
00:40:33,990 --> 00:40:37,618
like this incredible microscopic animation created

786
00:40:37,618 --> 00:40:41,070
by moving individual atoms.

787
00:40:41,070 --> 00:40:44,580
So, we may soon be able to move specific atoms

788
00:40:44,580 --> 00:40:47,970
into groups to make the molecules we want.

789
00:40:47,970 --> 00:40:52,110
For example, two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen,

790
00:40:52,110 --> 00:40:54,813
H2O, make a molecule of water.

791
00:40:58,440 --> 00:41:00,330
One of my favorites is this one,

792
00:41:00,330 --> 00:41:04,590
12 atoms of carbon bonded to 22 hydrogen atoms

793
00:41:04,590 --> 00:41:08,850
and 11 oxygen atoms to create a sugar molecule,

794
00:41:08,850 --> 00:41:11,610
plus that classic molecule, H2O, water.

795
00:41:11,610 --> 00:41:16,530
And finally, eight carbon atoms bonded to 10 hydrogen atoms,

796
00:41:16,530 --> 00:41:21,530
four nitrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms to create caffeine.

797
00:41:21,930 --> 00:41:23,850
Put these molecules together

798
00:41:23,850 --> 00:41:27,000
and you get sweet tea.

799
00:41:27,000 --> 00:41:30,273
And the cup, it's just another set of molecules.

800
00:41:32,340 --> 00:41:34,880
And so is anything.

801
00:41:37,440 --> 00:41:39,890
So, that's what's just beginning to happen today.

802
00:41:41,730 --> 00:41:44,160
Batteries are being designed to cover objects

803
00:41:44,160 --> 00:41:47,190
with a microscopic coating with energy stored

804
00:41:47,190 --> 00:41:49,833
in capacitors, only a few nanometers thick.

805
00:41:51,210 --> 00:41:52,500
Think tiny.

806
00:41:52,500 --> 00:41:55,833
A human hair is 80,000 nanometers thick.

807
00:41:58,860 --> 00:42:00,030
Batteries can even be woven

808
00:42:00,030 --> 00:42:02,490
into the molecular makeup of people's clothes

809
00:42:02,490 --> 00:42:05,313
so they can power smart devices embedded in them.

810
00:42:08,190 --> 00:42:11,220
Or, that layer could be bulletproof protecting soldiers,

811
00:42:11,220 --> 00:42:13,470
or it could contain medicine

812
00:42:13,470 --> 00:42:16,020
that is slowly released into our bodies.

813
00:42:16,020 --> 00:42:19,950
There's now a nano sensor that can detect covid antibodies,

814
00:42:19,950 --> 00:42:21,360
an early warning system

815
00:42:21,360 --> 00:42:23,613
that can prevent another pandemic spreading.

816
00:42:27,900 --> 00:42:30,840
Constructing things molecule by molecule could mean

817
00:42:30,840 --> 00:42:33,030
that we will eventually want for nothing,

818
00:42:33,030 --> 00:42:34,800
especially as everything you can imagine

819
00:42:34,800 --> 00:42:36,840
in the entire world is made

820
00:42:36,840 --> 00:42:39,213
from the same simple building blocks.

821
00:42:40,200 --> 00:42:42,300
And that leads us to our final connection.

822
00:42:43,410 --> 00:42:46,260
Imagine if we were able to build a tiny machine

823
00:42:46,260 --> 00:42:47,760
where atoms could be brought together

824
00:42:47,760 --> 00:42:51,693
into molecules and molecules brought together into stuff,

825
00:42:54,240 --> 00:42:57,780
working like a subatomic production line.

826
00:42:57,780 --> 00:43:00,930
And since down at that level, everything happens fast,

827
00:43:00,930 --> 00:43:02,673
making stuff doesn't take long.

828
00:43:05,730 --> 00:43:09,593
This atom scale production line factory is known

829
00:43:09,593 --> 00:43:12,210
as a nanofabricator.

830
00:43:12,210 --> 00:43:13,410
And why it's exciting is

831
00:43:13,410 --> 00:43:16,950
that the raw material atoms the nanofabricator uses to make

832
00:43:16,950 --> 00:43:21,950
anything are 95% found in dirt, air, and water.

833
00:43:29,520 --> 00:43:32,640
So, the raw materials to make almost everything are

834
00:43:32,640 --> 00:43:34,983
everywhere and virtually free.

835
00:43:43,110 --> 00:43:44,280
I believe the first thing

836
00:43:44,280 --> 00:43:47,763
a powered up nanofabricator could make would be another one.

837
00:43:49,044 --> 00:43:51,960
So one, two, four, eight, sixteen,

838
00:43:51,960 --> 00:43:55,743
the guess is one for everybody on the planet in two years.

839
00:43:56,899 --> 00:43:57,780
And to build them,

840
00:43:57,780 --> 00:44:00,060
you just email the instructions

841
00:44:00,060 --> 00:44:01,760
all the way down to village level.

842
00:44:03,840 --> 00:44:07,620
Once everybody has one, nanofabricators can make food,

843
00:44:07,620 --> 00:44:09,300
shelter, clothing.

844
00:44:09,300 --> 00:44:11,400
And all you need is the dirt, air,

845
00:44:11,400 --> 00:44:13,860
and water for the machines to strip out

846
00:44:13,860 --> 00:44:15,063
all the atoms they need.

847
00:44:17,340 --> 00:44:18,420
So, it looks fairly certain

848
00:44:18,420 --> 00:44:20,550
that the future we're causing to happen is going to have

849
00:44:20,550 --> 00:44:24,810
nanofabricators, maybe as soon as 30 years.

850
00:44:24,810 --> 00:44:25,920
If that's the case,

851
00:44:25,920 --> 00:44:28,263
we need now to think about what that means.

852
00:44:29,100 --> 00:44:30,870
Could the nanofabricator be the biggest thing

853
00:44:30,870 --> 00:44:32,253
since we left the caves?

854
00:44:34,830 --> 00:44:36,720
If the nanofabricator makes each of us

855
00:44:36,720 --> 00:44:39,483
totally self-sufficient, why work?

856
00:44:43,110 --> 00:44:46,140
No need for money or the production of goods.

857
00:44:46,140 --> 00:44:49,350
So, what happens to jobs, the economy?

858
00:44:49,350 --> 00:44:53,043
And if nothing has any worth, because nothing is rare,

859
00:44:54,090 --> 00:44:55,680
I mean you want diamonds,

860
00:44:55,680 --> 00:44:58,590
gold or a perfect replica of the Mona Lisa,

861
00:44:58,590 --> 00:45:00,090
where every brushstroke is

862
00:45:00,090 --> 00:45:02,913
as if it were painted by Da Vinci himself,

863
00:45:03,780 --> 00:45:04,730
you just make them.

864
00:45:05,580 --> 00:45:08,133
What happens then to our value systems?

865
00:45:10,950 --> 00:45:13,350
If we can live anywhere on earth,

866
00:45:13,350 --> 00:45:15,663
will we give up the cities, live alone?

867
00:45:16,590 --> 00:45:19,170
If you can make anything you want free,

868
00:45:19,170 --> 00:45:20,620
will there be any more crime?

869
00:45:21,570 --> 00:45:23,190
How will we control the weapons

870
00:45:23,190 --> 00:45:24,990
we could make with a nanofabricator?

871
00:45:26,010 --> 00:45:28,410
Will there be any need for government

872
00:45:28,410 --> 00:45:29,970
if we're all spread out across the planet,

873
00:45:29,970 --> 00:45:32,583
living in total luxury and with no carbon footprint?

874
00:45:34,170 --> 00:45:36,450
Will we decide to live in tiny groups

875
00:45:36,450 --> 00:45:39,480
like the original prehistoric communities?

876
00:45:39,480 --> 00:45:41,913
How will we decide who to join up with?

877
00:45:42,780 --> 00:45:44,850
How will we meet new people?

878
00:45:44,850 --> 00:45:48,000
Above all, when the machines make everything,

879
00:45:48,000 --> 00:45:50,100
what will we do all day?

880
00:45:50,100 --> 00:45:52,804
Will we die of boredom?

881
00:45:52,804 --> 00:45:55,637
(uplifting music)

882
00:45:58,170 --> 00:46:01,140
Living with the nanofabricator will generate

883
00:46:01,140 --> 00:46:04,380
more questions than we've ever had to answer.

884
00:46:04,380 --> 00:46:06,510
And since it does seem inevitable

885
00:46:06,510 --> 00:46:09,750
that the nanofabricator will be part of our future,

886
00:46:09,750 --> 00:46:12,630
perhaps we should be looking now in more detail

887
00:46:12,630 --> 00:46:16,437
at how we want to live with what it will do to life.

887
00:46:17,305 --> 00:47:17,167
Watch Online Movies and Series for FREE
www.osdb.link/lm