{1}{1}23.976
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{475}{509}For over a century,
{518}{611}the Roman Coliseum has hosted|the most grueling and bloody games
{613}{638}in human history,
{652}{729}fought and won|by the Roman gladiator.
{769}{833}
{1494}{1541}At the end of|the second century,
{1565}{1643}the Roman people|witness a game like no other.
{1753}{1801}For the first time in history,
{1803}{1888}a Roman Emperor|will fight to the death.
{1998}{2074}All hail Commodus,
{2076}{2139}Emperor of Rome!
{2555}{2618}
{3890}{3917}
{4004}{4049}
{4241}{4326}Commodus's reign|will mark the beginning of the fall...
{4328}{4389}of the greatest civilization on Earth.
{4428}{4504}But his story begins|more than a decade earlier.
{4651}{4718}
{6828}{6877}By the end of the second century,
{6912}{7058}There's no civilization as massive|or as powerful as the Roman Empire.
{7070}{7188}Almost one in five people on Earth|lives within the Empire's boundaries...
{7345}{7437}and is under rule of one of|the most powerful men on the planet,
{7496}{7571}the Roman Emperor|Marcus Aurelius.
{7785}{7823}For more than a decade,
{7825}{7914}Aurelius has waged war|to defend the Empire's reach.
{8055}{8146}And he reigns over a territory|that spans thousands of miles.
{8158}{8214}From Western Europe|and the Middle East,
{8219}{8324}through parts of Africa|and the entire Mediterranean.
{8468}{8500}Marcus Aurelius was
{8502}{8576}considered really one of|the most successful Emperors.
{8578}{8671}He was not just Emperor,|but he was a distinguished philosopher.
{8690}{8742}He was a student of Epictetus,
{8744}{8791}who was the leading|Stoic philosopher of the day,
{8793}{8882}and he was a gifted philosophical writer|in his own right.
{8884}{8931}His meditations are still read today.
{9106}{9146}Over the last century,
{9148}{9212}Rome has been built into|one of the most advanced cities
{9214}{9250}in the ancient world.
{9279}{9323}And, under Aurelius's reign,
{9331}{9375}it's given rise to a modern era.
{9440}{9495}The Roman Empire|in the second century
{9505}{9594}was a formidable global superpower.
{9611}{9692}They had the most proficient|military forces.
{9702}{9796}They ruled|the most civilized array of people.
{9808}{9906}There was anything that you wanted|by Roman standards,
{9909}{9950}you could find in their empire.
{9953}{10014}And what kept this empire together
{10017}{10143}was an incredibly efficient|array of infrastructure.
{10190}{10256}Ancient Rome during|this time period was the greatest empire
{10259}{10306}that the world had ever known.
{10320}{10465}It was responsible for|enormous advances in technology
{10468}{10604}such as the system of Roman roads|or the aqueducts that supplied water.
{10623}{10716}The city of Rome itself|had reached one million people.
{10719}{10748}So it was the first
{10762}{10833}large-scale urban metropolis.
{10876}{10955}Marcus Aurelius|rules over 50 million people
{10958}{11015}within the boundaries|of the Roman Empire.
{11169}{11224}And no one lives|better than his son...
{11249}{11278}Commodus.
{11442}{11544}The problem that was|ushered in by Marcus Aurelius
{11548}{11629}when instead of doing|what his predecessors had done,
{11632}{11719}and adopting a person|who was qualified
{11722}{11809}by temperament, and upbringing,|and training to serve as Emperor,
{11812}{11889}instead wanted|his son to succeed him.
{11937}{11998}Commodus was the first Roman Emperor
{12001}{12086}who was ever born to a sitting emperor.
{12131}{12170}Growing up|the son of an emperor,
{12173}{12304}as someone who was|raised from birth to succeed his father,
{12307}{12412}we have to imagine|that Commodus's ego had no place to go.
{12415}{12472}Knowing that he would|have this role,
{12475}{12547}that this had planted some seed|in his mind
{12550}{12606}that he was,|in some sense, extraordinary.
{13347}{13367}Commodus.
{13385}{13412}
{13415}{13435}Go.
{13515}{13540}Good morning, mother.
{13560}{13580}Now.
{13729}{13767}Do you know what time it is?
{13798}{13818}Early.
{13861}{13896}I'm sending you to Germania.
{13899}{13939}What? Why?
{13975}{14037}Because all you do here|is drink and play with whores.
{14051}{14088}But there's a war.
{14129}{14165}It'll teach you discipline.
{14229}{14262}I'm not going anywhere.
{14265}{14303}It's already been decided.
{14336}{14371}Your father's expecting you.
{14559}{14659}When you think about Commodus,|who had more, personally,
{14662}{14776}and more, historically, going for him|than any other human being
{14786}{14839}previous in the history|of human existence...
{14862}{14992}I mean, in fact, no Roman Emperor|for 80 years had had a son.
{15017}{15077}However, one would be very,|very hard pressed to find
{15091}{15136}a less intellectually,
{15139}{15187}less energetic, less motivated
{15190}{15279}person with that type of responsibility|in the whole of human history.
{15362}{15430}
{15924}{15954}Against his will,
{15956}{16011}Commodus has been|called to Germania.
{16022}{16122}Ordered to train under his father|to become the next Emperor.
{16213}{16256}Hundreds of miles from Rome,
{16268}{16314}along the borders of the Empire,
{16328}{16420}massive armies of Germanic tribes|are invading Roman territory.
{16448}{16528}And the Roman military|has been called to the front lines.
{16785}{16869}With one of the strongest ground|and naval forces in the world,
{16894}{17011}the Roman military is made up of hundreds|of thousands of highly trained soldiers,
{17024}{17078}equipped with the latest weaponry,
{17091}{17155}and prepared to defend|the Empire's borders...
{17157}{17191}at all costs.
{17240}{17309}There was|the problem of Rome's neighbors.
{17311}{17359}Both to the east, and to the north.
{17371}{17401}The Parthians to the east
{17403}{17468}and Germanic tribes to the north,|which were a threat.
{17532}{17582}Romans had been fighting Germans,
{17619}{17670}at this point, for 250 years.
{17730}{17785}And the border
{17787}{17839}on the Danube|had always been a problem.
{17841}{17893}And, in fact, as it turns out,|always would be a problem.
{18015}{18039}The Roman army
{18041}{18132}was the most formidable|fighting machine
{18134}{18206}that the ancient world had seen.
{18244}{18308}The basis for their success
{18325}{18405}was less their capacity for killing,
{18452}{18501}and more their capacity|for entrenchment.
{18503}{18576}It was a capacity|for digging fortresses,
{18617}{18749}for fashioning all the infrastructure|of a frontier force
{18760}{18843}that served to ensure|that the Roman frontiers
{18845}{18911}were essentially guarded|and held secure.
{19651}{19693}Oh, Saoterus, that's disgusting.
{19703}{19767}I hope you learned your lesson.|You'll never outdrink me, my friend.
{19769}{19790}Never again.
{19792}{19823}
{19932}{19962}Tell my father I'm here.
{20012}{20052}Let's hope we're not|stuck here for too long.
{20581}{20602}Come with me.
{20764}{20798}Marcus Aurelius and Commodus
{20800}{20868}have come down in history as very,|very different individuals.
{20898}{20961}After all, he was also|a leading general of his time
{20963}{21033}and led many wars|along the Danube frontier.
{21047}{21126}Commodus probably was|as irresponsible as people say.
{21128}{21232}That said, Marcus Aurelius does not appear|to have shown any hesitation
{21234}{21291}in promoting Commodus|from a very young age.
{21305}{21373}
{21799}{21821}Where is he?
{21881}{21905}
{22437}{22457}What?
{23307}{23338}I promised your mother
{23354}{23416}I'd try and do my best|to make a man of you.
{23430}{23497}I never break my word. Ever.
{23533}{23562}It begins now.
{23610}{23655}You want me to train|like some common soldier?
{24136}{24166}
{24405}{24430}Again...
{25142}{25170}Again...
{25480}{25503}Again...
{25988}{26105}I'm going to show you what happens|when you don't know how to handle a sword.
{26398}{26439}One of the great debates,
{26442}{26507}not just among|Roman historians of today,
{26510}{26579}but even of the time,|was why Commodus?
{26589}{26641}Why did Marcus Aurelius|choose Commodus?
{26661}{26757}Why, despite the fact|that everybody seemed to see
{26760}{26866}that he was not up to this task,|why was there still the insistence
{26869}{26961}that Commodus|was going to be the next Emperor?
{26990}{27052}Perhaps we can|chalk it up to naïveté
{27055}{27120}or a kind of generic|just love for his son,
{27123}{27173}blinding him to the realities
{27176}{27219}that his son|was not up to the task.
{27222}{27289}And his son was|not ready for this position.
{27833}{27952}The means through which Commodus|was groomed and trained to become Emperor
{27955}{28020}were unparalleled in Roman history.
{28033}{28117}He had high hopes|for his son during this period.
{28152}{28255}What Marcus Aurelius imagined|for his child and what his child became
{28283}{28335}were two very different things.
{28452}{28501}As Commodus trains,
{28504}{28595}the Germanic tribes|begin to push through Roman defenses,
{28660}{28751}banding together and launching|a massive assault on the Roman army.
{28772}{28865}The great Roman nightmare|was of Northern Barbarians
{28868}{28928}sweeping southwards|and conquering Rome.
{29026}{29102}In the reign of Marcus Aurelius,|there was a disturbance.
{29112}{29185}He knew that he had no choice|but to confront that.
{29188}{29262}And as it turned out,|the wars that Marcus Aurelius fought
{29265}{29316}against the German people were
{29335}{29460}as strenuous and challenging|as any Barbarian enemy
{29463}{29514}that the Roman people had faced.
{29569}{29596}Lasting years...
{29626}{29672}it's a devastating war.
{29694}{29756}Killing thousands|of men on both sides.
{30049}{30117}The war also takes its toll|on the Emperor...
{30131}{30169}who soon falls ill.
{30213}{30263}Marcus Aurelius spent most of his life
{30266}{30368}dealing with, fighting,|trying to resist, coping with
{30371}{30486}Barbarian tribes pressing up against|the frontiers of the Empire.
{30517}{30618}And as the health|of Marcus Aurelius began to fade,
{30620}{30667}there was a great deal of worrying.
{30682}{30772}He seems to have had problems|in his chest and stomach.
{30774}{30809}It may have been cancer.
{30811}{30886}It may have been something to do|with his heart. One doesn't really know.
{31185}{31232}With the Emperor's health diminishing,
{31248}{31294}news is sent to the palace.
{31427}{31472}But on its way back to Rome,
{31474}{31523}the message is quickly distorted.
{31582}{31645}And soon enough,|it becomes a rumor...
{31660}{31722}that Marcus Aurelius has died.
{31848}{31891}In the case of Marcus Aurelius,
{31893}{31958}it seems quite clear|that rumors started to spread
{31968}{32001}that the Emperor had died.
{32015}{32071}And sometimes these|may well have been engineered.
{32085}{32179}And what is crucial about this,|is that verification of these rumors
{32181}{32246}in the Roman world|would have been phenomenally difficult.
{32841}{32876}Before long,
{32878}{32937}the rumor of Marcus Aurelius's death
{32939}{33004}reaches the most powerful|woman in the Empire...
{33022}{33060}Empress Faustina.
{33315}{33378}Faustina was Marcus Aurelius's wife.
{33380}{33433}She was the daughter|of the previous Emperor,
{33435}{33466}Antoninus Pius.
{33493}{33557}And she was|a successful wife with Marcus,
{33559}{33604}gave him children|over that period.
{33606}{33735}So she must immediately have looked for|her safety and for her family's safety.
{33791}{33864}Devastated by news|of her husband's death,
{33866}{33950}Faustina fears her son|isn't ready for the throne,
{33978}{34088}and knows she has to come up with|a plan before word reaches the Senate.
{34285}{34374}The Roman Senate is made up of|the most influential men in the Empire.
{34428}{34546}All looking for opportunities|to further their political careers.
{34752}{34822}There were clearly any number of folks
{34824}{34854}in the Roman Senate
{34856}{34926}themselves, who were senators,|who thought that they had
{34928}{34967}even better claim to nobility
{34969}{35046}or to the throne|than the reigning Emperor himself.
{35062}{35114}In general,|it seems that being at the top
{35116}{35192}was a very lonely|and dangerous place in Ancient Rome.
{35324}{35358}Throughout the Empire,
{35360}{35443}governors and ambitious leaders|are determined to seize control.
{35474}{35573}And a challenge to the throne could come|from any of the Empire's regions.
{35603}{35638}With rumors quickly spreading,
{35657}{35717}a power grab could soon take hold.
{35877}{35963}The play for the throne|puts members of the royal family at risk.
{36000}{36054}Including the Emperor's daughter...
{36056}{36086}Lucilla.
{36153}{36216}Married to her father's trusted advisor,
{36240}{36337}Lucilla has already been groomed|for a life of influence.
{36389}{36430}Lucilla had been
{36432}{36501}one of the oldest|of Marcus Aurelius's children
{36503}{36546}who had survived into adulthood.
{36562}{36624}She had been involved|in Roman politics,
{36626}{36698}the back room deals,|the administration.
{36711}{36751}So she was far|more experienced.
{36753}{36800}She had far better contacts.
{36802}{36908}She had resources at her disposal|that Commodus didn't even know existed.
{36989}{37049}But with the throne|being called into question,
{37092}{37172}Lucilla knows her ambitions|are in jeopardy.
{37192}{37245}Lucilla was Commodus's older sister
{37247}{37271}12 years older.
{37284}{37402}And so she was used to having a place|at the top table in Roman society.
{37427}{37482}But she certainly seems|to have been slightly jealous
{37484}{37586}of the increasingly powerful role|that her younger brother Commodus
{37588}{37616}would have to inherit.
{37850}{37878}Here, take that.
{37921}{37947}No.
{37965}{37985}Yes.
{38068}{38108}No one told me we were leaving.
{38137}{38160}You've heard?
{38416}{38438}Where are we going?
{38521}{38555}I'm going to Egypt.
{38618}{38649}You're staying here.
{38687}{38732}We can't abandon Rome completely.
{38749}{38789}And there are things I need to do,
{38809}{38840}to secure our safety.
{38857}{38885}In Egypt.
{38959}{38998}You're seeing Avidius Cassius.
{39035}{39080}I'm doing what I need to do
{39082}{39124}to protect our family.
{39141}{39176}So to protect Commodus,
{39196}{39238}you'll leave me here by myself.
{39383}{39414}I know it's dangerous.
{39502}{39544}But what other choice do we have?
{39599}{39623}My cloak.
{39652}{39742}I will return as quickly as I can.
{39744}{39802}We will all be together.|We will all be safe!
{39926}{39950}Trust me.
{40020}{40043}Go!
{40123}{40174}Any member of the imperial family
{40177}{40274}is potentially in danger|when the Emperor dies.
{40277}{40335}It is extremely common
{40338}{40397}for emperors who fall from power
{40400}{40472}to have their entire family wiped out.
{41358}{41416}Determined to protect her family
{41419}{41457}and secure her own power,
{41503}{41560}Faustina sets a plan in motion.
{41573}{41631}Instead of waiting for an overthrow,
{41634}{41682}the Empress plans|to leave her city...
{41700}{41727}immediately.
{41861}{41932}Traveling more than|1,000 miles south...
{41979}{42081}across the Mediterranean|to one of the Empire's furthest regions...
{42176}{42202}Egypt.
{42665}{42719}One of the wealthiest territories|in the world,
{42787}{42853}Egypt is one of|the leading producers of grain,
{42901}{42996}and is home to one of the largest ports|in the Northern Hemisphere.
{43132}{43218}Guarded by more than|15,000 Roman soldiers,
{43483}{43568}and run by the second most|powerful man in the Empire,
{43594}{43671}Egyptian governor|Avidius Cassius.
{43798}{43848}Egypt was the personal territory
{43851}{43925}of the Emperor.|It was actually his estate,
{43928}{44013}and Cassius was tasked|with keeping control of Egypt,
{44016}{44101}essentially keeping control|of the Emperor's own private lands.
{44120}{44162}He had been trusted by the family.
{44165}{44209}He had been in the inner circle.
{44393}{44422}Sir...
{44425}{44460}The report you requested.
{44656}{44708}I want you to|double the guards at the port.
{44711}{44751}There's been some|pilfering of the grain.
{44768}{44790}I'm not happy.
{44907}{44938}-You can go.|-Sir.
{46227}{46267}The image we get out of Faustina
{46269}{46331}is one of untrustworthiness|and promiscuity.
{46342}{46408}There are many rumors|going around about both of these areas.
{46444}{46573}And we can see a partial answer to that|in Faustina's bid to Avidius Cassius,
{46602}{46696}where she thought maybe she would be|able to retain her position in the Empire,
{46698}{46734}perhaps even as his wife.
{46969}{47019}That was unexpected.
{47058}{47083}Cassius,
{47111}{47159}you've always been there for me
{47174}{47220}ever since we were children.
{47295}{47351}Now you're the only one|who can protect me.
{47408}{47472}I think you might be|overestimating me.
{47520}{47545}How could I?
{47568}{47588}Marcus always said
{47590}{47663}you were the second most powerful|man in the Empire.
{47704}{47744}You could be Emperor yourself,
{47774}{47795}if you wanted.
{47822}{47849}Emperor?
{47910}{47956}With the strength of your armies
{47979}{48033}and my name behind you,
{48053}{48104}no one could stop you.
{48221}{48273}Emperor of Rome.
{48410}{48463}But you must promise me one thing.
{48478}{48500}Anything.
{48524}{48569}Protect my family.
{48571}{48597}Commodus.
{48621}{48657}As if he were your own.
{49018}{49144}Allegedly, again, she had|actually promised to marry Avidius Cassius
{49146}{49192}after Marcus's presumed death
{49194}{49289}in order to solidify|that transfer of power.
{49332}{49388}Because, if a power vacuum|had been left,
{49390}{49472}that would've put Faustina|and everybody else around Marcus
{49474}{49531}in an extremely perilous position.
{49623}{49706}
{49849}{49902}With Empress Faustina's backing,
{49911}{50012}Avidius Cassius raises an army|to march on Rome...
{50026}{50077}and claim the throne for himself.
{50199}{50227}Within months,
{50229}{50332}he seizes control of major territories|in the eastern Roman Empire.
{50334}{50463}And with support from leaders|in Egypt, Syria, Judaea, and Arabia,
{50526}{50593}he makes the ultimate move|for the throne.
{50666}{50712}Cassius declared himself Emperor.
{50714}{50787}Egypt declared him to be|the Emperor as well.
{50789}{50898}Two of the legions located within Egypt|declared Cassius for Emperor.
{51149}{51230}And then, it was gradually revealed|that Marcus Aurelius was still alive.
{51281}{51325}That he hadn't passed away after all,
{51327}{51401}that the messages had been|incorrectly interpreted.
{51459}{51483}And now,
{51485}{51519}we have two rival Emperors.
{51521}{51581}We have a potential civil war|within the Empire.
{51992}{52070}As news|of Aurelius' recovery reaches Egypt,
{52089}{52203}Empress Faustina knows|she must face her husband in Germania.
{52257}{52378}While Avidius Cassius chooses to continue|his campaign for the throne.
{52408}{52475}Avidius Cassius, I think,|had little choice
{52477}{52544}but to continue with his campaign.
{52617}{52664}If he backed away at that point,
{52666}{52714}then everybody's going to know,
{52716}{52781}including Marcus, is going to know
{52783}{52891}that he was ready to seize the power|from Marcus's own son,
{52907}{53004}who was the closest person|in line for the succession.
{53653}{53710}Avidius Cassius|has raised seven legions already.
{53733}{53818}Three in Syria, two in Judaea,|one in Arabia, and one in Egypt.
{53842}{53910}So only Cappadocia and Bithynia|have remained loyal.
{53943}{53980}If we split our forces in half,
{53997}{54068}we send ten legions across|the Mediterranean to Alexandria--
{54070}{54121}No, no. Ten legions are not enough|to hold the front here.
{54123}{54166}Our men would be spread|as far as Vetera.
{54168}{54205}They'd be practically useless.
{54207}{54235}With all due respect, Emperor,
{54237}{54296}-your wife has put Rome--|-My wife has nothing to do with it.
{54307}{54366}Mother? She's involved?
{54368}{54391}No.
{54406}{54443}Rumors only, nothing more.
{54501}{54551}Listen, if we move the fifteenth north,
{54584}{54605}to Dacia.
{54618}{54647}We take the twelfth...
{54649}{54713}
{55464}{55537}After inadvertently starting|a war for the throne,
{55557}{55642}Faustina knows|she must return to her husband...
{55665}{55744}and try to maintain|her place as Empress.
{55896}{55966}Faustina, unfortunately,|overplayed her hand.
{56013}{56081}The great women in Roman society
{56084}{56142}always supported their men,|elevated their men,
{56145}{56268}pushed the men that they represented|into greater positions of power,
{56271}{56312}greater positions of competition,
{56315}{56359}and helped to drive them forward.
{56412}{56447}We can see this|playing out, of course,
{56450}{56516}directly in the case of|Avidius Cassius.
{56533}{56615}Where she clearly trusted him|and had every reason to believe
{56618}{56681}that he would make|a fantastic emperor.
{56684}{56748}Unfortunately, of course,|we have a miscommunication
{56751}{56830}that ends up backfiring|on that entire situation.
{57330}{57362}I need to talk to my mother.
{57677}{57715}The generals in there|want you dead.
{57750}{57816}By the Gods,|how has this gotten so out of control?
{57829}{57863}I never intended this.
{57876}{57900}Well is it true?
{57919}{57950}Did you betray us?
{57996}{58041}I thought your father was dead.
{58057}{58102}I knew what that meant,
{58118}{58154}how they would come for us.
{58186}{58234}I was only trying to protect us,
{58256}{58285}to protect you.
{58313}{58352}So it was a misunderstanding.
{58373}{58414}So tell father that.
{58447}{58478}He'll never believe me.
{58497}{58542}It's the truth.|Of course he'll believe you.
{58606}{58640}The truth...
{58662}{58702}He'll understand. He has to.
{59809}{59832}Is it true?
{59867}{59926}-You know me better than that.|-That is not an answer.
{59991}{60033}You think I'd betray my own family?
{60050}{60072}My husband?
{60084}{60140}I think someone|can be driven to do anything,
{60156}{60186}when their life's in jeopardy.
{60216}{60278}And some things are beyond|even imagining.
{60303}{60341}Faustina. Tell me the truth.
{60344}{60397}-I don't know what you want.|-I need the truth!
{60464}{60540}You tell me plainly. Now.
{60639}{60687}I've been faithful to you.
{60714}{60743}Always.
{60809}{60836}And these stories,
{60848}{60930}concerning you|and Avidius Cassius?
{60933}{60968}They're lies.
{61007}{61055}It's rumors...
{61084}{61144}If there is one thing that's true,
{61155}{61189}it's that I love you.
{61209}{61283}And I would not do|anything to hurt you.
{61308}{61371}Anything else is a lie.
{61503}{61548}I just needed to hear it
{61567}{61601}from your own lips.
{61909}{61937}Marcus.
{62038}{62068}Protect Commodus.
{62732}{62753}Sir...
{63055}{63108}Being a Roman Emperor|was a difficult job.
{63126}{63162}You are atop of a system
{63164}{63247}that managed one of the largest empires|the world had ever known.
{63277}{63336}But there were also|problems of loyalty.
{63338}{63409}In such a big empire,|you need to delegate.
{63411}{63449}But who can you trust?
{63451}{63510}Can you trust even|members of your own family?
{63521}{63554}Often, sadly, not.
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{65736}{65790}
{66309}{66337}Mother...
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