"Mysteries at the Museum" Rivals: Special

1 00:00:02,020 --> 00:00:04,250 An American hero takes on the Nazis. 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:07,260 This felt, for all intents and purposes, 3 00:00:07,360 --> 00:00:09,890 like a fight between good and evil. 4 00:00:11,930 --> 00:00:15,470 A titan of industry in a high-speed showdown. 5 00:00:15,570 --> 00:00:19,200 He decides, well, if we can't buy them, let's beat 'em. 6 00:00:21,210 --> 00:00:23,510 And a Cold War standoff in outer space. 7 00:00:23,610 --> 00:00:26,640 MAN: If you break your spacecraft, all your air is going out. 8 00:00:26,750 --> 00:00:29,280 That would be a disaster. 9 00:00:29,380 --> 00:00:31,680 These are the mysteries at the museum. 10 00:00:37,490 --> 00:00:39,660 Visitors to Brooklyn, New York, 11 00:00:39,760 --> 00:00:42,860 can stroll across the Brooklyn Bridge, 12 00:00:42,960 --> 00:00:45,230 run and bike in Prospect Park, 13 00:00:45,330 --> 00:00:48,370 and enjoy the thrill rides at Coney Island. 14 00:00:48,470 --> 00:00:50,600 But tucked away on a side street 15 00:00:50,700 --> 00:00:53,500 is one of the borough's quirkiest attractions -- 16 00:00:53,610 --> 00:00:57,710 The Tonya Harding & Nancy Kerrigan 1994 Museum. 17 00:00:59,780 --> 00:01:01,980 This tiny institution -- 18 00:01:02,080 --> 00:01:04,350 the pet project of two Brooklyn roommates -- 19 00:01:04,450 --> 00:01:07,380 is open to the public by appointment only. 20 00:01:07,490 --> 00:01:09,790 It boasts an array of memorabilia, 21 00:01:09,890 --> 00:01:13,760 from competition press passes to collectible trading cards. 22 00:01:13,860 --> 00:01:16,690 And they all speak to the epic rivalry 23 00:01:16,800 --> 00:01:19,730 between two of the biggest names of the figure-skating world. 24 00:01:21,730 --> 00:01:25,240 But one item more than any other tells of the terrible rift 25 00:01:25,340 --> 00:01:28,340 that plagued these two queens of the skating rink. 26 00:01:28,440 --> 00:01:32,440 OLDEN: The artifact is 8 1/2 by 11 inches. 27 00:01:32,540 --> 00:01:35,810 It's paper thin, primrose in color, 28 00:01:35,910 --> 00:01:37,110 with black type on it. 29 00:01:39,850 --> 00:01:42,320 WILDMAN: This seemingly simple piece of paper 30 00:01:42,420 --> 00:01:45,260 is at the heart of an extraordinary sporting scandal 31 00:01:45,360 --> 00:01:47,320 that rocked the world. 32 00:01:47,430 --> 00:01:51,260 OLDEN: This is a story of jealousy, ambition, 33 00:01:51,360 --> 00:01:53,230 and one of the most controversial moments 34 00:01:53,330 --> 00:01:54,500 in Olympic history. 35 00:01:58,470 --> 00:02:01,340 WILDMAN: It's 1994 -- January. 36 00:02:01,440 --> 00:02:03,210 The nation's finest figure skaters 37 00:02:03,310 --> 00:02:05,040 are gathered in Detroit, Michigan, 38 00:02:05,140 --> 00:02:07,840 for the U.S. Figure Skating Championship. 39 00:02:07,950 --> 00:02:10,850 Up for grabs is the chance to represent the U.S.A. 40 00:02:10,950 --> 00:02:13,120 at the upcoming Winter Olympic games 41 00:02:13,220 --> 00:02:14,890 in Lillehammer, Norway. 42 00:02:14,990 --> 00:02:18,360 This event is the qualifying event for the Olympics. 43 00:02:18,460 --> 00:02:22,060 Two skaters will make the American team. 44 00:02:22,160 --> 00:02:24,590 WILDMAN: And the heavy favorites to take the spots 45 00:02:24,700 --> 00:02:26,600 are two of the finest figure skaters 46 00:02:26,700 --> 00:02:28,400 the nation has ever produced -- 47 00:02:28,500 --> 00:02:31,130 24-year-old Nancy Kerrigan 48 00:02:31,240 --> 00:02:33,840 and 23-year-old Tonya Harding. 49 00:02:33,940 --> 00:02:35,910 But as well as being brilliant, 50 00:02:36,010 --> 00:02:38,480 they are also bitter rivals. 51 00:02:41,110 --> 00:02:42,950 Nancy Kerrigan was graceful. 52 00:02:43,050 --> 00:02:47,350 She wore beautiful Vera Wang gowns. 53 00:02:47,450 --> 00:02:51,250 She skated to wonderful classical music. 54 00:02:51,360 --> 00:02:53,360 She was everything 55 00:02:53,460 --> 00:02:56,090 that America thought a figure skater should be. 56 00:02:58,600 --> 00:03:01,670 Tonya Harding was known as a very powerful skater. 57 00:03:01,770 --> 00:03:03,700 Instead of being graceful, 58 00:03:03,800 --> 00:03:05,370 she would just go for the power moves. 59 00:03:05,470 --> 00:03:07,840 She could do these amazing jumps 60 00:03:07,940 --> 00:03:09,570 that a lot of other women couldn't do. 61 00:03:09,680 --> 00:03:11,780 And this is what set her apart. 62 00:03:14,380 --> 00:03:16,080 WILDMAN: The women's rivalry 63 00:03:16,180 --> 00:03:18,480 makes the competition must-watch TV 64 00:03:18,580 --> 00:03:20,080 for viewers across the country, 65 00:03:20,190 --> 00:03:22,590 with all eyes on Tonya and Nancy. 66 00:03:22,690 --> 00:03:26,420 They have the eye on the prize. They are neck and neck. 67 00:03:26,530 --> 00:03:29,530 And the pressure was huge on both of them. 68 00:03:31,200 --> 00:03:35,100 WILDMAN: But on January 6th, the day before the championship, 69 00:03:35,200 --> 00:03:37,530 there's a shocking development. 70 00:03:37,640 --> 00:03:41,470 Nancy Kerrigan is leaving the arena after practice... 71 00:03:41,570 --> 00:03:44,370 when a masked figure leaps out 72 00:03:44,480 --> 00:03:46,510 and strikes her on the knee with a club. 73 00:03:46,610 --> 00:03:49,450 OLDEN: He just was so fast. 74 00:03:49,550 --> 00:03:52,720 She fell to the ground, and she screamed, "Why?" 75 00:03:55,350 --> 00:03:58,020 WILDMAN: Before anyone can get a good look at who it is, 76 00:03:58,120 --> 00:04:00,390 the attacker flees the scene. 77 00:04:00,490 --> 00:04:02,790 The injured skater is rushed to the hospital. 78 00:04:05,260 --> 00:04:08,730 There, doctors examine Kerrigan's smashed knee, 79 00:04:08,830 --> 00:04:11,100 and reach a dismal conclusion -- 80 00:04:11,200 --> 00:04:14,600 There is no way she will be able to skate in the championships. 81 00:04:14,710 --> 00:04:17,410 And if she doesn't compete in the championships, 82 00:04:17,510 --> 00:04:20,440 she won't be able to qualify for the Olympics. 83 00:04:23,580 --> 00:04:26,020 OLDEN: It was a devastating moment for Nancy. 84 00:04:26,120 --> 00:04:28,820 This is something she'd worked her entire life for, 85 00:04:28,920 --> 00:04:30,920 and it may have just been taken away. 86 00:04:34,760 --> 00:04:37,660 WILDMAN: The brutal attack makes headlines across the country, 87 00:04:37,760 --> 00:04:40,930 and everyone wants to know who was behind it. 88 00:04:41,030 --> 00:04:44,070 And is it the end of Nancy's Olympic dream? 89 00:04:44,170 --> 00:04:46,470 The FBI is called in to investigate. 90 00:04:46,570 --> 00:04:48,440 With the whole country watching, 91 00:04:48,540 --> 00:04:50,870 there was so much pressure on the FBI 92 00:04:50,980 --> 00:04:53,380 to figure this out -- and fast. 93 00:04:53,480 --> 00:04:56,980 WILDMAN: It's not long before they get a break in the case. 94 00:04:57,080 --> 00:04:59,020 A man comes forward 95 00:04:59,120 --> 00:05:02,190 claiming to know the identity of the mysterious attacker. 96 00:05:02,290 --> 00:05:03,690 According to him, 97 00:05:03,790 --> 00:05:08,730 it was planned by the bodyguard of Kerrigan's biggest rival... 98 00:05:08,830 --> 00:05:11,290 Tonya Harding. 99 00:05:11,400 --> 00:05:13,230 Not only that, 100 00:05:13,330 --> 00:05:17,600 but he says Tonya Harding's ex-husband was in on it. 101 00:05:17,700 --> 00:05:21,640 The revelation sparks a firestorm in the press. 102 00:05:21,740 --> 00:05:24,710 Once the rumor that Tonya Harding was involved came about, 103 00:05:24,810 --> 00:05:28,240 the press had a field day. 104 00:05:30,850 --> 00:05:35,090 WILDMAN: Harding's bodyguard and her ex-husband are arrested, 105 00:05:35,190 --> 00:05:38,150 and confess to their parts in the crime. 106 00:05:38,260 --> 00:05:40,190 And when she is brought in for questioning, 107 00:05:40,290 --> 00:05:42,130 Tonya Harding also admits 108 00:05:42,230 --> 00:05:46,530 that she knew about the plot to injure Nancy Kerrigan. 109 00:05:46,630 --> 00:05:49,500 Harding is eventually sentenced to three years probation, 110 00:05:49,600 --> 00:05:51,470 stripped of her figure-skating titles, 111 00:05:51,570 --> 00:05:55,110 and receives a lifetime ban from the sport. 112 00:05:55,210 --> 00:05:57,810 In the wake of the scandal, 113 00:05:57,910 --> 00:06:00,310 Nancy Kerrigan gets some surprising news. 114 00:06:00,410 --> 00:06:02,680 OLDEN: The Olympics Committee 115 00:06:02,780 --> 00:06:06,480 decides to hold a spot open for Nancy Kerrigan 116 00:06:06,590 --> 00:06:09,420 because she was expected to have made it. 117 00:06:09,520 --> 00:06:11,620 They felt that this 118 00:06:11,720 --> 00:06:14,220 was a very evil thing that had happened to her. 119 00:06:17,760 --> 00:06:19,530 WILDMAN: Over the next few weeks, 120 00:06:19,630 --> 00:06:23,100 Kerrigan undergoes a rigorous recovery program. 121 00:06:23,200 --> 00:06:25,030 And in February, in Lillehammer, 122 00:06:25,140 --> 00:06:29,210 she puts in one of the finest performances of her career. 123 00:06:29,310 --> 00:06:31,540 She wins an Olympic silver medal 124 00:06:31,640 --> 00:06:34,910 and the admiration of fans around the world. 125 00:06:35,010 --> 00:06:36,980 OLDEN: All of Nancy's hard work paid off. 126 00:06:37,080 --> 00:06:40,450 She did make one of the most amazing comebacks 127 00:06:40,550 --> 00:06:41,620 in sports history. 128 00:06:45,860 --> 00:06:47,360 WILDMAN: Today, this scorecard 129 00:06:47,460 --> 00:06:50,360 from that controversial U.S. Figure Skating Championship 130 00:06:50,460 --> 00:06:51,730 is on display 131 00:06:51,830 --> 00:06:55,170 at the Tonya Harding & Nancy Kerrigan 1994 Museum 132 00:06:55,270 --> 00:06:57,470 in Brooklyn, New York. 133 00:06:57,570 --> 00:06:59,800 It serves as a small reminder 134 00:06:59,910 --> 00:07:03,340 of the iciest rivalry in skating history. 135 00:07:08,010 --> 00:07:09,950 St. Louis, Missouri. 136 00:07:10,050 --> 00:07:13,480 In 1904, this city became the first in the United States 137 00:07:13,590 --> 00:07:15,850 to host the Olympics. 138 00:07:15,950 --> 00:07:18,920 Today, the spirit of international competition 139 00:07:19,020 --> 00:07:21,660 lives on at the World Chess Hall of Fame. 140 00:07:21,760 --> 00:07:25,260 Here, everything from tournament trophies 141 00:07:25,360 --> 00:07:27,300 to fashion exhibits 142 00:07:27,400 --> 00:07:30,270 illustrate the game's 1,500-year history. 143 00:07:32,100 --> 00:07:34,840 But there's one set of items in the hall's collection 144 00:07:34,940 --> 00:07:38,640 that sat center stage during chess's crowning moment. 145 00:07:38,740 --> 00:07:42,380 These 32 pieces are hand-carved, they're weighted with lead. 146 00:07:42,480 --> 00:07:46,280 One set is dark wood, the other set is light wood. 147 00:07:46,380 --> 00:07:49,020 WILDMAN: These small figures 148 00:07:49,120 --> 00:07:51,290 were used in a crucial match 149 00:07:51,390 --> 00:07:55,160 at the height of the 20th century's most dramatic political standoff. 150 00:07:55,260 --> 00:07:57,890 So who wielded these chessmen, 151 00:07:58,000 --> 00:08:01,300 and how did the outcome of this epic contest 152 00:08:01,400 --> 00:08:03,570 change the course of Cold War history? 153 00:08:03,670 --> 00:08:06,670 It's 1962. 154 00:08:06,770 --> 00:08:09,140 Eight of the greatest players on Earth 155 00:08:09,240 --> 00:08:11,940 are gathered on the Caribbean island of Curaçao 156 00:08:12,040 --> 00:08:15,250 for the qualifying round of the World Chess Championship. 157 00:08:15,350 --> 00:08:18,620 Among them is a 19-year-old American prodigy 158 00:08:18,720 --> 00:08:20,880 named Bobby Fischer. 159 00:08:20,990 --> 00:08:23,890 He won his first U.S. Championship at the age of 14 160 00:08:23,990 --> 00:08:27,660 and the following year becomes the youngest Grand Master in history. 161 00:08:27,760 --> 00:08:30,530 WILDMAN: But Fischer's unparalleled achievements 162 00:08:30,630 --> 00:08:33,960 are often overshadowed by his erratic behavior. 163 00:08:34,070 --> 00:08:36,930 BAILEY: He was kind of difficult. 164 00:08:37,040 --> 00:08:40,100 He was always fighting about the noise 165 00:08:40,210 --> 00:08:43,540 or...where the chess pieces came from. 166 00:08:43,640 --> 00:08:46,940 WILDMAN: Though the players are there to compete individually, 167 00:08:47,050 --> 00:08:49,850 Americans are rooting for Fischer to take the crown 168 00:08:49,950 --> 00:08:52,620 from the most dominant chess nation on Earth, 169 00:08:52,720 --> 00:08:56,420 the United States' Cold War adversary, the Soviet Union. 170 00:08:56,520 --> 00:08:58,820 This American might be able to rival 171 00:08:58,920 --> 00:09:01,960 the great Russian chess dynasty. 172 00:09:02,060 --> 00:09:04,390 WILDMAN: But as the games get underway, 173 00:09:04,500 --> 00:09:07,000 it appears that Fischer is out of his league. 174 00:09:07,100 --> 00:09:09,700 He loses his first two games. 175 00:09:09,800 --> 00:09:12,100 There were so many Russians that he needed to beat, 176 00:09:12,200 --> 00:09:14,470 and it just didn't work out for him. 177 00:09:14,570 --> 00:09:17,370 WILDMAN: Fischer finishes the tournament in fourth place, 178 00:09:17,480 --> 00:09:20,280 with three Russian players taking the top spots, 179 00:09:20,380 --> 00:09:24,080 but Bobby doesn't take the defeat lying down. 180 00:09:24,180 --> 00:09:27,050 BAILEY: He comes back and immediately 181 00:09:27,150 --> 00:09:29,290 writes a letter to Sports Illustrated . 182 00:09:29,390 --> 00:09:32,290 He accuses the Russians of cheating. 183 00:09:32,390 --> 00:09:34,990 WILDMAN: Fischer alleges that the Soviet players 184 00:09:35,090 --> 00:09:36,990 colluded with each other to ensure 185 00:09:37,100 --> 00:09:39,960 that their strongest players reached the finals. 186 00:09:40,070 --> 00:09:42,700 The Russians are playing as a team, 187 00:09:42,800 --> 00:09:45,170 and everyone else is playing individually. 188 00:09:45,270 --> 00:09:48,570 WILDMAN: Fischer concludes his letter with a drastic declaration. 189 00:09:48,670 --> 00:09:50,770 He says he's not going to participate 190 00:09:50,880 --> 00:09:53,280 in the qualifying matches to the World Chess Championship 191 00:09:53,380 --> 00:09:56,880 until the World Chess Federation does something about it. 192 00:09:56,980 --> 00:09:59,350 WILDMAN: With Fischer sitting out in protest, 193 00:09:59,450 --> 00:10:03,250 it seems the hopes of bringing a title to the U.S. are dashed. 194 00:10:03,360 --> 00:10:07,260 Then, nine years later, in 1972, 195 00:10:07,360 --> 00:10:09,560 Bobby Fischer shocks the world 196 00:10:09,660 --> 00:10:12,260 by showing up at a World Championship qualifier 197 00:10:12,360 --> 00:10:15,060 in Vancouver, British Columbia, 198 00:10:15,170 --> 00:10:18,270 and he wastes no time destroying the competition. 199 00:10:18,370 --> 00:10:20,370 Bobby is on fire. 200 00:10:20,470 --> 00:10:23,140 He goes on this amazing winning streak. 201 00:10:23,240 --> 00:10:26,440 So he qualifies for the 1972 World Championship. 202 00:10:26,540 --> 00:10:29,210 WILDMAN: Fischer's opponent in the final showdown 203 00:10:29,310 --> 00:10:32,380 will be Soviet Grand Master, Boris Spassky. 204 00:10:32,480 --> 00:10:34,980 Bobby had played him five times already, 205 00:10:35,090 --> 00:10:37,520 never beating him. 206 00:10:37,620 --> 00:10:40,390 WILDMAN: On July 11th, the World Chess Championship 207 00:10:40,490 --> 00:10:43,190 kicks off in Reykjavik, Iceland. 208 00:10:43,290 --> 00:10:45,500 As Fischer and Spassky face each other 209 00:10:45,600 --> 00:10:47,700 for the first of 24 games, 210 00:10:47,800 --> 00:10:49,930 the media swarms. 211 00:10:50,040 --> 00:10:52,670 They dubbed it the match of the century. 212 00:10:52,770 --> 00:10:54,970 Here is the Cold War being fought 213 00:10:55,070 --> 00:10:57,410 on the chessboard. 214 00:10:57,510 --> 00:10:59,680 The world stopped. 215 00:10:59,780 --> 00:11:01,840 WILDMAN: The men battle for two hours, 216 00:11:01,950 --> 00:11:04,510 until Fischer makes a fatal blunder. 217 00:11:04,620 --> 00:11:08,150 He traps his bishop, which is a very powerful piece, 218 00:11:08,250 --> 00:11:11,520 and there's no way that he can overtake Spassky in this game. 219 00:11:11,620 --> 00:11:15,060 WILDMAN: The Soviet takes the lead, one to nothing. 220 00:11:15,160 --> 00:11:18,060 Then Fischer's volatile temper 221 00:11:18,160 --> 00:11:20,160 rears its head. 222 00:11:20,270 --> 00:11:22,770 BAILEY: He is complaining about the cameras and the noise, 223 00:11:22,870 --> 00:11:24,930 and he starts acting kind of erratically 224 00:11:25,040 --> 00:11:27,300 and is being very difficult to everybody. 225 00:11:30,180 --> 00:11:32,080 WILDMAN: When it's time for Game 2, 226 00:11:32,180 --> 00:11:34,540 Boris Spassky takes his place behind the board, 227 00:11:34,650 --> 00:11:37,750 but Fischer is nowhere to be found. 228 00:11:37,850 --> 00:11:40,580 BAILEY: So after an allotted time period, 229 00:11:40,690 --> 00:11:42,590 it's declared a forfeit. 230 00:11:42,690 --> 00:11:44,690 Spassky stands up, they congratulate him, 231 00:11:44,790 --> 00:11:46,760 "You won Game 2." 232 00:11:46,860 --> 00:11:48,760 WILDMAN: The world wonders what's become 233 00:11:48,860 --> 00:11:51,290 of the unpredictable American. 234 00:11:51,400 --> 00:11:54,060 But before the start of Game 3, 235 00:11:54,170 --> 00:11:56,470 Fischer contacts tournament officials 236 00:11:56,570 --> 00:11:58,470 and explains that he'll continue 237 00:11:58,570 --> 00:12:00,540 under one condition. 238 00:12:00,640 --> 00:12:03,370 And he said, "The cameras have to go." 239 00:12:03,480 --> 00:12:06,740 WILDMAN: With international television audiences on the edge of their seats 240 00:12:06,850 --> 00:12:09,310 and broadcasting contracts on the line, 241 00:12:09,410 --> 00:12:11,680 event organizers decline. 242 00:12:11,780 --> 00:12:13,780 BAILEY: If he doesn't show up, 243 00:12:13,890 --> 00:12:15,820 the match has to be declared a forfeit. 244 00:12:15,920 --> 00:12:18,450 WILDMAN: Will Bobby Fischer walk out 245 00:12:18,560 --> 00:12:21,460 on the most important match in the history of chess? 246 00:12:24,900 --> 00:12:28,230 It's 1972 at the World Chess Championship. 247 00:12:28,330 --> 00:12:31,570 Eccentric American Bobby Fischer is playing 248 00:12:31,670 --> 00:12:33,700 the icy Russian, Boris Spassky, 249 00:12:33,810 --> 00:12:36,640 in a Cold War battle of wits, 250 00:12:36,740 --> 00:12:39,010 but after two losses, 251 00:12:39,110 --> 00:12:42,580 Fischer is staring defeat in the face. 252 00:12:42,680 --> 00:12:46,680 So can the American somehow come back from the brink? 253 00:12:49,150 --> 00:12:51,790 Bobby Fischer insists that the television cameras 254 00:12:51,890 --> 00:12:54,860 be removed from the match, and with the entire 255 00:12:54,960 --> 00:12:58,130 championship and Cold War prestige at stake, 256 00:12:58,230 --> 00:13:01,630 officials finally concede to Fischer's demands. 257 00:13:01,730 --> 00:13:04,470 The arbiter agrees 258 00:13:04,570 --> 00:13:08,200 that they can play in a room backstage from the auditorium. 259 00:13:08,310 --> 00:13:11,470 WILDMAN: Boris Spassky agrees to the change of venue, 260 00:13:11,580 --> 00:13:15,140 and on July 16th, the two begin Game 3 261 00:13:15,250 --> 00:13:18,010 using this set of wooden pieces, 262 00:13:18,120 --> 00:13:20,780 now on display at the World Chess Hall of Fame. 263 00:13:23,290 --> 00:13:25,660 Bobby does a very aggressive move 264 00:13:25,760 --> 00:13:28,660 where he takes his knight and puts it on the outside of the board, 265 00:13:28,760 --> 00:13:32,430 which is really unheard of, because you're supposed to attack from the middle. 266 00:13:32,530 --> 00:13:35,360 WILDMAN: The move throws Spassky off, 267 00:13:35,470 --> 00:13:39,140 and Fischer takes his first victory. 268 00:13:39,240 --> 00:13:41,440 A rejuvenated Fischer agrees to conduct 269 00:13:41,540 --> 00:13:44,370 the next match in front of the cameras. 270 00:13:44,480 --> 00:13:47,680 Fischer goes on to win six of the next eight games, 271 00:13:47,780 --> 00:13:49,850 which was completely unprecedented at the time, 272 00:13:49,950 --> 00:13:52,180 even for players that good. 273 00:13:52,280 --> 00:13:54,980 WILDMAN: On August 13th, Bobby Fischer becomes 274 00:13:55,090 --> 00:13:58,050 the new World Champion of chess. 275 00:13:58,160 --> 00:14:01,820 BAILEY: He'll always be looked at as being a hero of the Cold War 276 00:14:01,930 --> 00:14:04,660 and dominant figure of American history. 277 00:14:04,760 --> 00:14:07,560 WILDMAN: Today, these 32 chess pieces 278 00:14:07,670 --> 00:14:10,130 used in Bobby Fischer's incredible match 279 00:14:10,240 --> 00:14:12,970 are on display at the World Chess Hall of Fame, 280 00:14:13,070 --> 00:14:16,240 reminding visitors of the unconventional American 281 00:14:16,340 --> 00:14:19,780 who brought decades of Soviet dominance to an end. 282 00:14:24,150 --> 00:14:26,980 Just outside of Detroit, Michigan, 283 00:14:27,090 --> 00:14:29,290 the city of Dearborn was first settled 284 00:14:29,390 --> 00:14:32,050 by French farmers in the 18th century. 285 00:14:32,160 --> 00:14:34,420 Today, it is perhaps best known 286 00:14:34,530 --> 00:14:37,590 as the headquarters of the Ford Motor Company 287 00:14:37,700 --> 00:14:41,100 and the former hometown of its namesake founder. 288 00:14:43,870 --> 00:14:48,300 And its premier destination is a sprawling museum complex, 289 00:14:48,410 --> 00:14:51,110 the Henry Ford. 290 00:14:52,440 --> 00:14:53,980 Its expansive collection 291 00:14:54,080 --> 00:14:56,650 includes an array of presidential vehicles, 292 00:14:56,750 --> 00:15:00,320 from Teddy Roosevelt's horse-drawn carriage... 293 00:15:01,490 --> 00:15:04,420 ...to Ronald Reagan's armored limousine. 294 00:15:04,520 --> 00:15:07,960 But one eye-catching item was designed 295 00:15:08,060 --> 00:15:10,730 not for the White House, but for the racetrack. 296 00:15:10,830 --> 00:15:14,200 ANDERSON: It measures more than 10 feet long. 297 00:15:14,300 --> 00:15:16,000 It's about 40 inches tall, 298 00:15:16,100 --> 00:15:19,100 and it's bright red with white striping 299 00:15:19,200 --> 00:15:21,900 and a big number 1 painted on the door. 300 00:15:24,240 --> 00:15:27,940 WILDMAN: This is more than just a stunning sports car. 301 00:15:28,050 --> 00:15:30,280 This sleek machine tells the story of an intense rivalry 302 00:15:30,380 --> 00:15:32,980 between legendary automakers. 303 00:15:33,080 --> 00:15:34,920 These guys wanted to crush each other. 304 00:15:38,220 --> 00:15:42,330 WILDMAN: 1963 -- Dearborn, Michigan. 305 00:15:42,430 --> 00:15:46,960 45-year-old Henry Ford II is the C.E.O. of the company 306 00:15:47,070 --> 00:15:50,400 his grandfather founded nearly 60 years earlier, 307 00:15:50,500 --> 00:15:52,700 the Ford Motor Company. 308 00:15:52,800 --> 00:15:55,840 Henry Ford II is one of those people who's larger than life. 309 00:15:55,940 --> 00:15:57,210 And he's very interested 310 00:15:57,310 --> 00:16:00,410 in leaving his stamp on the company. 311 00:16:00,510 --> 00:16:03,610 WILDMAN: In February, 312 00:16:03,720 --> 00:16:06,150 he gets his chance to do just that. 313 00:16:06,250 --> 00:16:10,050 He learns that Italian designer Enzo Ferrari 314 00:16:10,150 --> 00:16:13,490 is looking to sell his high-end sports car business. 315 00:16:13,590 --> 00:16:17,130 And Ford puts his pedal to the metal to secure the deal. 316 00:16:17,230 --> 00:16:18,890 ANDERSON: It was a chance 317 00:16:19,000 --> 00:16:21,500 to kind of instantly buy some success and prestige 318 00:16:21,600 --> 00:16:23,730 and also to add some luster, some sheen 319 00:16:23,840 --> 00:16:27,270 to the Ford Motor Company brand almost overnight. 320 00:16:27,370 --> 00:16:30,510 WILDMAN: After months of negotiations, 321 00:16:30,610 --> 00:16:33,110 the two men seem close to an agreement. 322 00:16:33,210 --> 00:16:35,310 ANDERSON: But at the last minute, 323 00:16:35,410 --> 00:16:37,410 Enzo Ferrari starts having second thoughts. 324 00:16:37,520 --> 00:16:42,020 WILDMAN: Ferrari says he wants to retain complete control 325 00:16:42,120 --> 00:16:44,450 of the racing arm of his company. 326 00:16:44,560 --> 00:16:47,790 But the strong-willed Ford refuses, 327 00:16:47,890 --> 00:16:51,260 leaving the Italian enraged. 328 00:16:51,360 --> 00:16:53,500 Enzo Ferrari walks away from the deal 329 00:16:53,600 --> 00:16:56,270 and refuses to sell Ferrari to Ford Motor Company. 330 00:16:56,370 --> 00:16:58,930 WILDMAN: Ford is furious. 331 00:16:59,040 --> 00:17:01,040 ANDERSON: It leaves him feeling rather bitter. 332 00:17:01,140 --> 00:17:04,010 So he decides, "Well, if we can't buy them, let's beat 'em." 333 00:17:07,510 --> 00:17:11,910 WILDMAN: Ford declares he will challenge Ferrari at his own game -- 334 00:17:12,020 --> 00:17:14,420 car racing. 335 00:17:14,520 --> 00:17:16,050 ANDERSON: And not just any race, 336 00:17:16,150 --> 00:17:18,220 but what is arguably the most prestigious race 337 00:17:18,320 --> 00:17:19,460 in the motor racing world -- 338 00:17:19,560 --> 00:17:20,660 he's gonna beat him at Le Mans, 339 00:17:20,760 --> 00:17:23,160 the 24-hour endurance race in France. 340 00:17:23,260 --> 00:17:26,200 WILDMAN: The 24 hours of Le Mans 341 00:17:26,260 --> 00:17:30,030 is a nonstop race around a closed circuit. 342 00:17:30,130 --> 00:17:33,740 To win, teams must balance speed and staying power. 343 00:17:33,840 --> 00:17:35,070 Historically, 344 00:17:35,170 --> 00:17:38,370 Ferrari has fielded the race's most dominant teams. 345 00:17:38,480 --> 00:17:42,750 In the last race alone, his cars took the top six spots. 346 00:17:42,850 --> 00:17:47,080 ANDERSON: Ford goes into this not really having much of a racing program, 347 00:17:47,190 --> 00:17:48,480 so it's a real ambitious move. 348 00:17:48,590 --> 00:17:51,620 WILDMAN: But what the automaker lacks in experience, 349 00:17:51,720 --> 00:17:54,560 he makes up for in resources. 350 00:17:56,730 --> 00:17:58,490 Over the next few months, 351 00:17:58,600 --> 00:18:01,230 Ford pours millions into building his racecar -- 352 00:18:01,330 --> 00:18:06,700 named the GT40 for its swooping 40-inch roof. 353 00:18:10,170 --> 00:18:16,180 In June 1964, Ford sends three GT40s to Le Mans. 354 00:18:16,280 --> 00:18:19,180 As the race starts, things look promising for the American team. 355 00:18:19,280 --> 00:18:21,450 ANDERSON: Some of the Ford cars get out ahead, 356 00:18:21,550 --> 00:18:22,950 they're putting on a good show. 357 00:18:23,050 --> 00:18:25,550 It might work well for Ford. 358 00:18:25,660 --> 00:18:30,230 WILDMAN: But just four hours in, problems begin piling up. 359 00:18:30,330 --> 00:18:31,990 One of the cars actually catches fire. 360 00:18:32,100 --> 00:18:33,400 It's out of the race. 361 00:18:33,500 --> 00:18:36,570 Two others have gearbox and transmission problems. 362 00:18:36,670 --> 00:18:40,740 WILDMAN: Ferrari goes on to capture the top three spots. 363 00:18:40,840 --> 00:18:42,170 Ford is crushed. 364 00:18:42,270 --> 00:18:43,440 ANDERSON: It's embarrassing 365 00:18:43,540 --> 00:18:46,040 after Ford has made this public challenge to Ferrari. 366 00:18:47,580 --> 00:18:49,780 WILDMAN: But the brash American 367 00:18:49,880 --> 00:18:53,450 won't let this humiliating defeat slow him down. 368 00:18:53,550 --> 00:18:57,050 He spends the next year refining the GT40, 369 00:18:57,160 --> 00:19:00,660 most notably, installing a larger, more powerful engine. 370 00:19:00,760 --> 00:19:06,230 But the 1965 race proves to be just as much of a wreck. 371 00:19:06,330 --> 00:19:08,630 ANDERSON: Despite all the money, research, and efforts 372 00:19:08,730 --> 00:19:10,630 that Ford had put into this second effort, 373 00:19:10,740 --> 00:19:14,670 same result -- the cars go down with mechanical problems. 374 00:19:14,770 --> 00:19:16,740 Henry Ford II is pretty livid. 375 00:19:16,840 --> 00:19:18,970 He thought he should be able to pull this off, 376 00:19:19,080 --> 00:19:21,140 and it was a failure. 377 00:19:21,250 --> 00:19:24,680 WILDMAN: Can Ford overtake the racing king? 378 00:19:24,780 --> 00:19:28,680 Or will Ferrari continue to reign supreme? 379 00:19:33,960 --> 00:19:36,330 It's 1965. 380 00:19:36,430 --> 00:19:39,130 Carmaker Henry Ford II 381 00:19:39,230 --> 00:19:42,070 is determined to beat Italian Enzo Ferrari 382 00:19:42,170 --> 00:19:44,900 at one of the world's most famous car races, 383 00:19:45,000 --> 00:19:47,570 the 24 hours of Le Mans in France. 384 00:19:47,670 --> 00:19:50,110 But after two previous attempts, Ford's team has yet 385 00:19:50,210 --> 00:19:52,380 to even finish the race. 386 00:19:52,480 --> 00:19:55,580 So what will it take for Ford to leave his rival in the dust? 387 00:19:58,920 --> 00:20:01,750 For the next year, Ford's engineers work tirelessly 388 00:20:01,850 --> 00:20:06,060 to improve the GT40's engine and mechanical systems. 389 00:20:06,160 --> 00:20:11,460 And in 1966, Ford sends 8 cars to France. 390 00:20:12,830 --> 00:20:18,770 At 4:00 P.M. on June 18th, the drivers start their engines. 391 00:20:18,870 --> 00:20:23,070 But once again, the old troubles rear their heads. 392 00:20:23,180 --> 00:20:25,910 ANDERSON: Some of the cars go down with mechanical problems. 393 00:20:27,250 --> 00:20:28,280 But not all of them. 394 00:20:29,780 --> 00:20:31,050 WILDMAN: By the next morning, 395 00:20:31,150 --> 00:20:34,780 four of Ford's cars are at the front of the pack. 396 00:20:36,250 --> 00:20:40,320 And as the 24-hour mark approaches, it becomes clear -- 397 00:20:40,430 --> 00:20:43,130 victory is Ford's for the taking. 398 00:20:43,230 --> 00:20:44,990 ANDERSON: The dream comes true. 399 00:20:45,100 --> 00:20:47,660 Ford Motor Company manages to finish one, two, and three. 400 00:20:47,770 --> 00:20:50,200 Henry Ford II is head-over-heels ecstatic. 401 00:20:50,300 --> 00:20:52,470 He's shown Ferrari, you know, 402 00:20:52,570 --> 00:20:54,900 you're not the biggest guy in the world. You can be beat. 403 00:20:57,280 --> 00:20:59,780 WILDMAN: Not content to rest on his laurels, 404 00:20:59,880 --> 00:21:03,510 Ford further refines the GT40. 405 00:21:03,620 --> 00:21:07,220 And when the automaker returns to Le Mans the following year, 406 00:21:07,320 --> 00:21:09,520 he once again secures the top spot. 407 00:21:12,920 --> 00:21:16,790 Today, this Ford GT40 at the Henry Ford in Dearborn 408 00:21:16,900 --> 00:21:19,100 reminds visitors of a high-speed race 409 00:21:19,200 --> 00:21:22,270 and an international rivalry. 410 00:21:26,400 --> 00:21:27,870 Detroit. 411 00:21:27,970 --> 00:21:29,340 During World War II, 412 00:21:29,440 --> 00:21:31,880 the Motor City manufactured more tanks, 413 00:21:31,980 --> 00:21:35,210 planes and trucks than any other place in America. 414 00:21:35,310 --> 00:21:37,980 The industrial undertaking earned it 415 00:21:38,080 --> 00:21:41,650 the nickname the Arsenal of Democracy, 416 00:21:41,750 --> 00:21:44,150 and this productive past and much more 417 00:21:44,260 --> 00:21:45,320 is on display 418 00:21:45,420 --> 00:21:47,590 at the Detroit Historical Museum. 419 00:21:50,760 --> 00:21:54,530 The collection of more than 15,000 artifacts 420 00:21:54,630 --> 00:21:55,970 includes the world's first 421 00:21:56,070 --> 00:21:59,600 commercially successful outboard boat motor, 422 00:21:59,700 --> 00:22:02,640 a Local 7 Union jacket 423 00:22:02,740 --> 00:22:05,280 and a hand-carved mahogany-and-glass clock 424 00:22:05,380 --> 00:22:08,580 that was displayed at the 1906 Michigan State Fair. 425 00:22:08,680 --> 00:22:11,280 ¶¶ 426 00:22:11,380 --> 00:22:12,720 But there is one item that, 427 00:22:12,820 --> 00:22:14,680 despite its diminutive size, 428 00:22:14,790 --> 00:22:16,290 really packs a punch. 429 00:22:16,390 --> 00:22:21,060 The artifact is about 10 inches long by 6 inches wide. 430 00:22:21,160 --> 00:22:23,630 It's made of tarnished bronze. 431 00:22:23,730 --> 00:22:27,060 It's marked by weathered folds and intricate stitches, 432 00:22:27,170 --> 00:22:30,500 and it's only slightly larger than a man's fist. 433 00:22:33,940 --> 00:22:37,770 WILDMAN: This bronzed boxing glove recalls a battle 434 00:22:37,880 --> 00:22:39,940 between a brave American athlete 435 00:22:40,050 --> 00:22:41,950 and a formidable foreign foe. 436 00:22:42,050 --> 00:22:44,610 Some wars are fought by women and men in uniform. 437 00:22:44,720 --> 00:22:46,850 This one was fought in boxing shorts. 438 00:22:46,950 --> 00:22:49,990 ¶¶ 439 00:22:52,590 --> 00:22:55,590 1938 -- Detroit. 440 00:22:55,690 --> 00:22:58,290 24-year-old boxer Joe Louis 441 00:22:58,400 --> 00:23:01,500 is the heavyweight champion of the world. 442 00:23:01,600 --> 00:23:02,870 Raised in Detroit, 443 00:23:02,970 --> 00:23:05,740 the popular pugilist is known for his speed 444 00:23:05,840 --> 00:23:08,570 and power in the ring. 445 00:23:08,670 --> 00:23:11,010 WILLIAMS: Joe Louis -- fearless, confident and magnetic. 446 00:23:11,110 --> 00:23:15,210 He was one of the most exciting athletes in all of America. 447 00:23:15,310 --> 00:23:18,180 WILDMAN: In his 4-year career, Louis has vanquished 448 00:23:18,280 --> 00:23:19,880 every fighter he has faced, 449 00:23:19,990 --> 00:23:22,990 save one, 450 00:23:23,090 --> 00:23:26,490 a German boxer named Max Schmeling. 451 00:23:26,590 --> 00:23:29,430 In 1936, during a match in New York City, 452 00:23:29,530 --> 00:23:34,360 Schmeling hit Louis with a devastating knockout blow. 453 00:23:34,470 --> 00:23:38,500 It's a defeat that Louis is determined to avenge. 454 00:23:38,600 --> 00:23:40,040 Despite all of his success, 455 00:23:40,140 --> 00:23:42,140 Louis is haunted by this sole blemish 456 00:23:42,240 --> 00:23:44,510 on an otherwise stellar career. 457 00:23:44,610 --> 00:23:46,240 WILDMAN: But that's not all. 458 00:23:46,340 --> 00:23:49,010 Louis' loss has taken on a significance 459 00:23:49,110 --> 00:23:52,280 far beyond the boxing ring. 460 00:23:52,380 --> 00:23:55,390 The Nazi Party has risen to power in Germany, 461 00:23:55,490 --> 00:23:57,920 and Adolf Hitler is using Louis' defeat 462 00:23:58,020 --> 00:23:59,390 at the hands of Schmeling 463 00:23:59,490 --> 00:24:02,660 to advance his own perverse agenda. 464 00:24:02,760 --> 00:24:05,290 WILLIAMS: The ruthless Nazi propaganda machine 465 00:24:05,400 --> 00:24:09,100 depicts Louis as an example of racial inferiority 466 00:24:09,200 --> 00:24:11,030 and depicts his loss to Schmeling 467 00:24:11,140 --> 00:24:13,500 as a victory of Hitler's master race. 468 00:24:13,610 --> 00:24:16,170 WILDMAN: This sinister campaign serves 469 00:24:16,270 --> 00:24:18,410 only to fuel Louis' determination, 470 00:24:18,510 --> 00:24:23,080 so Louis arranges a rematch against Schmeling 471 00:24:23,180 --> 00:24:26,980 that will be bigger than any fight before it. 472 00:24:27,090 --> 00:24:30,020 The world championship bout will be held in New York 473 00:24:30,120 --> 00:24:34,690 on June 22, 1938, at Yankee Stadium. 474 00:24:34,790 --> 00:24:36,330 WILLIAMS: Louis wanted an opportunity 475 00:24:36,430 --> 00:24:38,760 to prove himself against the one man 476 00:24:38,860 --> 00:24:40,760 that had beaten him in the ring, 477 00:24:40,870 --> 00:24:42,770 but Louis wants something more 478 00:24:42,870 --> 00:24:44,900 than just avenging a personal loss. 479 00:24:45,000 --> 00:24:46,800 He wants to defend the principles 480 00:24:46,910 --> 00:24:48,270 of American democracy. 481 00:24:48,370 --> 00:24:51,010 ¶¶ 482 00:24:51,110 --> 00:24:52,740 WILDMAN: In the weeks leading up to the bout, 483 00:24:52,840 --> 00:24:56,710 Louis spends almost every waking hour in training. 484 00:24:56,820 --> 00:24:58,180 And as the date approaches, 485 00:24:58,280 --> 00:25:02,250 public anticipation reaches a fever pitch. 486 00:25:02,350 --> 00:25:04,850 WILLIAMS: Public buildup for this fight was intense. 487 00:25:04,960 --> 00:25:08,690 It was literally something the entire world was attuned to. 488 00:25:08,790 --> 00:25:11,830 This was going to be the fight of the century. 489 00:25:11,930 --> 00:25:15,730 ¶¶ 490 00:25:15,830 --> 00:25:18,630 WILDMAN: Finally, the big day arrives. 491 00:25:18,740 --> 00:25:21,770 In front of a crowd of 80,000 spectators, 492 00:25:21,870 --> 00:25:24,140 Louis enters the ring 493 00:25:24,240 --> 00:25:26,910 and comes face to face with Schmeling. 494 00:25:29,910 --> 00:25:32,120 The bell rings, and the two men launch 495 00:25:32,220 --> 00:25:34,680 into the biggest fight of their careers. 496 00:25:34,790 --> 00:25:37,920 America had put their faith in Louis in the ring. 497 00:25:38,020 --> 00:25:40,760 This felt, for all intents and purposes, 498 00:25:40,860 --> 00:25:44,360 like a fight between good and evil. 499 00:25:44,460 --> 00:25:48,600 WILDMAN: Can Joe Louis deliver a knockout punch for freedom? 500 00:25:54,170 --> 00:25:56,140 It's 1938. 501 00:25:56,240 --> 00:25:57,510 At Yankee Stadium, 502 00:25:57,610 --> 00:25:59,740 the fight of the century is underway. 503 00:25:59,840 --> 00:26:02,910 Champion heavyweight Joe Louis is facing off 504 00:26:03,010 --> 00:26:05,850 against his German archrival, Max Schmeling. 505 00:26:05,950 --> 00:26:08,120 The bout is billed as a battle 506 00:26:08,220 --> 00:26:10,590 between democracy and fascism. 507 00:26:10,690 --> 00:26:14,120 So can Louis put the Nazis on the ropes? 508 00:26:14,230 --> 00:26:19,060 As Round 1 begins, Louis comes out swinging. 509 00:26:19,160 --> 00:26:22,700 He lands punch after punch on his German rival, 510 00:26:22,800 --> 00:26:26,770 but the assault seems to have no effect on Schmeling. 511 00:26:26,870 --> 00:26:29,200 With seconds to spare in the first round, 512 00:26:29,310 --> 00:26:33,280 Louis kicks into overdrive 513 00:26:33,380 --> 00:26:36,750 and unleashes a series of punishing blows. 514 00:26:36,850 --> 00:26:39,650 WILLIAMS: A dizzying combination of Louis' punching power 515 00:26:39,750 --> 00:26:44,290 and speed literally leave Max Schmeling gasping for air. 516 00:26:44,390 --> 00:26:47,420 Louis attacked Schmeling like a man possessed 517 00:26:47,530 --> 00:26:52,430 on a mission to vanquish an enemy larger than life. 518 00:26:52,530 --> 00:26:55,060 WILDMAN: Then Louis lands a devastating shot 519 00:26:55,170 --> 00:26:58,430 to Schmeling's head 520 00:26:58,540 --> 00:27:02,270 that knocks the burly German out cold. 521 00:27:02,370 --> 00:27:04,370 Joe Louis wins the match 522 00:27:04,480 --> 00:27:06,540 and retains his championship title. 523 00:27:06,640 --> 00:27:10,450 This is the victory he's longed for. 524 00:27:10,550 --> 00:27:12,750 WILDMAN: But his triumph over the German 525 00:27:12,850 --> 00:27:16,890 is more than just an athletic achievement. 526 00:27:16,990 --> 00:27:19,890 WILLIAMS: Louis had probably led his country into the ring 527 00:27:19,990 --> 00:27:22,060 to defeat the forces of tyranny. 528 00:27:22,160 --> 00:27:23,760 It's an affirmation for justice, 529 00:27:23,860 --> 00:27:25,630 for freedom, and for liberty. 530 00:27:25,730 --> 00:27:28,130 ¶¶ 531 00:27:28,230 --> 00:27:31,830 WILDMAN: Louis' victory inspires a wave of patriotism. 532 00:27:31,940 --> 00:27:35,140 Thousands of Americans enlist in the Armed Forces, 533 00:27:35,240 --> 00:27:38,810 and when America enters World War II in 1941, 534 00:27:38,910 --> 00:27:42,110 the famous boxer signs up to serve in the army. 535 00:27:42,210 --> 00:27:43,610 WILLIAMS: The enduring power of this story 536 00:27:43,710 --> 00:27:46,620 is a nation recognizing, in one fighter, 537 00:27:46,720 --> 00:27:49,280 its own potential to vanquish evil. 538 00:27:49,390 --> 00:27:51,850 ¶¶ 539 00:27:51,960 --> 00:27:54,320 WILDMAN: In the years following World War II, 540 00:27:54,430 --> 00:27:58,760 Louis and Schmeling go on to form an unlikely friendship. 541 00:27:58,860 --> 00:28:03,330 In 1981, Louis passes away at the age of 66. 542 00:28:03,430 --> 00:28:05,900 He is buried with full military honors 543 00:28:06,000 --> 00:28:08,540 at Arlington National Cemetery. 544 00:28:08,640 --> 00:28:12,170 At the funeral, Schmeling serves as his pallbearer. 545 00:28:12,280 --> 00:28:13,940 ¶¶ 546 00:28:14,040 --> 00:28:16,380 Today, Joe Louis' bronzed glove 547 00:28:16,480 --> 00:28:20,050 is on display at the Detroit Historical Museum. 548 00:28:20,150 --> 00:28:22,950 It's a stirring reminder of a tenacious fighter 549 00:28:23,050 --> 00:28:26,420 who stopped at nothing to knock out the Nazis. 550 00:28:29,690 --> 00:28:31,730 Rochester, New York, was home to one 551 00:28:31,830 --> 00:28:35,160 of the most legendary figures in photography -- 552 00:28:35,270 --> 00:28:38,200 the founder of Kodak, George Eastman. 553 00:28:38,300 --> 00:28:40,900 Today, his sprawling estate contains one 554 00:28:41,010 --> 00:28:43,870 of the oldest photography archives in the world. 555 00:28:46,740 --> 00:28:48,910 Here, visitors can find a collection 556 00:28:49,010 --> 00:28:52,310 of 400,000 images and negatives, 557 00:28:52,420 --> 00:28:55,550 along with an assortment of early photographic equipment. 558 00:28:57,690 --> 00:29:00,760 But amid these artifacts connected to still photography 559 00:29:00,860 --> 00:29:04,330 is one item related to motion pictures. 560 00:29:04,430 --> 00:29:07,000 CASE: This object is about the width of a quarter, 561 00:29:07,100 --> 00:29:08,860 as thin as a sheet of paper. 562 00:29:08,970 --> 00:29:12,470 It includes over 150,000 images on it. 563 00:29:12,570 --> 00:29:15,640 WILDMAN: This film was at the center of a David-and-Goliath struggle 564 00:29:15,740 --> 00:29:17,770 between an up-and-coming director 565 00:29:17,880 --> 00:29:20,810 and one of America's most powerful men. 566 00:29:20,910 --> 00:29:23,210 CASE: This print contained some of the most famous actors 567 00:29:23,310 --> 00:29:25,980 from the history of Hollywood, but it also contained some 568 00:29:26,080 --> 00:29:29,690 of the most controversial images that were ever put to screen. 569 00:29:33,660 --> 00:29:36,560 WILDMAN: 1941, Hollywood. 570 00:29:36,660 --> 00:29:38,790 At a mere 25 years of age, 571 00:29:38,900 --> 00:29:42,630 Orson Welles is already an entertainment legend. 572 00:29:42,730 --> 00:29:44,130 The prolific dramatist 573 00:29:44,230 --> 00:29:46,640 has been wowing critics and audiences alike 574 00:29:46,740 --> 00:29:50,370 with his brilliant stage and radio productions. 575 00:29:50,470 --> 00:29:52,410 Orson Welles was a genius. 576 00:29:52,510 --> 00:29:55,940 He was someone that succeeded in anything that he tried. 577 00:29:59,050 --> 00:30:00,650 WILDMAN: And, now, Welles is taking on 578 00:30:00,750 --> 00:30:04,150 his most ambitious project yet -- 579 00:30:04,250 --> 00:30:06,890 directing and starring in his first Hollywood feature 580 00:30:06,990 --> 00:30:10,130 for RKO Pictures, 581 00:30:10,230 --> 00:30:13,260 a big-budget film called "Citizen Kane." 582 00:30:13,360 --> 00:30:15,730 CASE: It was the story of Charles Foster Kane, 583 00:30:15,830 --> 00:30:17,370 a great publishing magnate 584 00:30:17,470 --> 00:30:20,740 who controlled newspapers around the country. 585 00:30:20,840 --> 00:30:23,370 Kane is certainly not a nice character 586 00:30:23,470 --> 00:30:26,780 and used this influence to get whatever he wanted, 587 00:30:26,880 --> 00:30:28,980 whether it was money, whether it was women, 588 00:30:29,080 --> 00:30:30,380 or whether it was power. 589 00:30:35,050 --> 00:30:37,790 WILDMAN: In January, Welles invites the press 590 00:30:37,890 --> 00:30:40,960 to a sneak preview of "Citizen Kane." 591 00:30:41,060 --> 00:30:44,330 Critics praise the film for its innovative cinematography, 592 00:30:44,430 --> 00:30:47,000 witty script, and epic performances. 593 00:30:50,070 --> 00:30:54,570 But there's one person who's unimpressed -- 594 00:30:54,670 --> 00:30:58,140 newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst. 595 00:30:58,240 --> 00:31:00,440 It's clear to anyone watching the film 596 00:31:00,540 --> 00:31:02,380 that the character of Kane 597 00:31:02,480 --> 00:31:05,550 is a thinly-veiled portrayal of Hearst himself. 598 00:31:05,650 --> 00:31:08,620 Comparisons between Hearst and Kane were numerable. 599 00:31:08,720 --> 00:31:11,090 He was a newspaperman who took a small newspaper 600 00:31:11,190 --> 00:31:14,860 and created salacious headlines, as well as someone 601 00:31:14,960 --> 00:31:18,130 who gained this power and influence over America, 602 00:31:18,230 --> 00:31:20,400 took all that money, and created this incredible, 603 00:31:20,500 --> 00:31:24,370 palatial estate in California. 604 00:31:24,470 --> 00:31:27,340 WILDMAN: The similarities don't end there. 605 00:31:27,440 --> 00:31:31,370 Kane's love interest in the film is a young showgirl. 606 00:31:31,480 --> 00:31:32,770 It's a plot point 607 00:31:32,880 --> 00:31:37,150 that mirrors Hearst's real-life romantic entanglements. 608 00:31:37,250 --> 00:31:38,410 CASE: Hearst was having an affair 609 00:31:38,520 --> 00:31:40,250 with the actress Marion Davies. 610 00:31:40,350 --> 00:31:42,820 She was a self-described golddigger 611 00:31:42,920 --> 00:31:45,890 who came to live with him at his estate, 612 00:31:45,990 --> 00:31:48,720 even when he was still married to his wife. 613 00:31:51,330 --> 00:31:53,600 WILDMAN: Hearst is furious. 614 00:31:53,700 --> 00:31:56,100 What Hearst saw in Welles's portrayal of him 615 00:31:56,200 --> 00:31:58,270 was a bitter, tyrannical, soulless man 616 00:31:58,370 --> 00:32:02,000 whose only redeeming quality was that he loved this one woman, 617 00:32:02,110 --> 00:32:04,310 however, it was not his wife. 618 00:32:04,410 --> 00:32:07,040 WILDMAN: The publisher vows to stop "Citizen Kane" 619 00:32:07,140 --> 00:32:11,180 from ever making it to the silver screen. 620 00:32:11,280 --> 00:32:13,620 CASE: Hearst used his influence, through his papers, 621 00:32:13,720 --> 00:32:17,390 to conduct a smear campaign, labeling Welles as a Communist, 622 00:32:17,490 --> 00:32:19,990 and he threatened not to carry the advertising 623 00:32:20,090 --> 00:32:22,260 for any theater that was showing "Citizen Kane," 624 00:32:22,360 --> 00:32:25,760 which would definitely hurt the business of that theater. 625 00:32:25,860 --> 00:32:27,300 WILDMAN: The tactic works. 626 00:32:29,770 --> 00:32:32,370 When "Citizen Kane" is finally released, in May, 627 00:32:32,470 --> 00:32:34,970 it plays in only a handful of theaters 628 00:32:35,070 --> 00:32:38,810 and barely registers at the box office. 629 00:32:38,910 --> 00:32:41,140 The film is a flop. 630 00:32:41,250 --> 00:32:43,550 "Citizen Kane" was put back into the RKO vaults 631 00:32:43,650 --> 00:32:46,580 and essentially forgotten about. 632 00:32:46,680 --> 00:32:48,820 WILDMAN: So, what will it take for "Citizen Kane" 633 00:32:48,920 --> 00:32:50,920 to become a modern classic? 634 00:32:55,860 --> 00:32:57,930 It's the 1940s. 635 00:32:58,030 --> 00:33:00,490 Movie director, Orson Welles, has just completed 636 00:33:00,600 --> 00:33:03,300 his masterpiece -- "Citizen Kane." 637 00:33:03,400 --> 00:33:05,170 But there's a problem. 638 00:33:05,270 --> 00:33:07,100 Publishing magnate William Randolph Hearst 639 00:33:07,200 --> 00:33:09,670 believes the film is a veiled criticism 640 00:33:09,770 --> 00:33:11,970 of his own life and has blocked the movie 641 00:33:12,080 --> 00:33:15,040 from being screened, but a surprising plot twist 642 00:33:15,140 --> 00:33:18,550 is about to bring "Citizen Kane" to a whole new audience. 643 00:33:21,520 --> 00:33:25,490 In 1951, William Randolph Hearst dies. 644 00:33:25,590 --> 00:33:27,760 Five years later, 645 00:33:27,860 --> 00:33:31,590 "Citizen Kane" is rescued from the vaults 646 00:33:31,690 --> 00:33:35,460 and finds a new audience 647 00:33:35,570 --> 00:33:37,060 on television. 648 00:33:37,170 --> 00:33:39,100 CASE: As television became more popular, 649 00:33:39,200 --> 00:33:40,840 there became a need for content. 650 00:33:40,940 --> 00:33:42,870 One of the ways that they created content 651 00:33:42,970 --> 00:33:44,540 was by going to the Hollywood studios 652 00:33:44,640 --> 00:33:46,440 and asking them for prints of their films, 653 00:33:46,540 --> 00:33:49,580 in order to show on television. 654 00:33:49,680 --> 00:33:51,850 WILDMAN: "Citizen Kane" is one such film 655 00:33:51,950 --> 00:33:53,310 purchased by the networks. 656 00:33:53,420 --> 00:33:55,420 This time, audiences everywhere 657 00:33:55,520 --> 00:33:58,290 have a chance to enjoy the Welles masterpiece. 658 00:33:58,390 --> 00:34:02,290 When "Citizen Kane" started getting shown on TVs, 659 00:34:02,390 --> 00:34:03,690 it got a new life. 660 00:34:03,790 --> 00:34:05,660 It got shown over and over again 661 00:34:05,760 --> 00:34:07,960 and people began to reevaluate it 662 00:34:08,060 --> 00:34:11,800 and saw the genius of this film for what it was. 663 00:34:15,770 --> 00:34:17,270 WILDMAN: "Citizen Kane's" redemption 664 00:34:17,370 --> 00:34:21,740 reaches its climax in 1962, when international movie critics 665 00:34:21,840 --> 00:34:26,980 name it the greatest motion picture ever made. 666 00:34:27,080 --> 00:34:29,350 Today, this 35-millimeter print 667 00:34:29,450 --> 00:34:32,050 is preserved at the George Eastman House. 668 00:34:32,160 --> 00:34:34,360 It recalls the cinematic battle 669 00:34:34,460 --> 00:34:37,120 between a brash visionary and a titan of industry 670 00:34:37,230 --> 00:34:39,760 that seemed to have leapt from the silver screen. 671 00:34:44,030 --> 00:34:45,970 Los Angeles, California, 672 00:34:46,070 --> 00:34:48,440 is best known for the veritable constellation 673 00:34:48,540 --> 00:34:51,770 of movie stars that reside in its picturesque hills. 674 00:34:51,870 --> 00:34:54,480 But just south of downtown L.A. 675 00:34:54,580 --> 00:34:57,080 is a museum that showcases stargazing 676 00:34:57,180 --> 00:35:00,780 of a different sort-- the California ScienCenter. 677 00:35:00,880 --> 00:35:03,420 Its extensive collection features 678 00:35:03,520 --> 00:35:05,920 satellites and pioneering spacecraft, 679 00:35:06,020 --> 00:35:07,960 including the space shuttle Endeavor 680 00:35:08,060 --> 00:35:11,860 as well as a full-scale model of the first Mars Lander. 681 00:35:11,960 --> 00:35:14,800 Yet among these impressive craft 682 00:35:14,900 --> 00:35:17,570 stands a module whose groundbreaking mission 683 00:35:17,670 --> 00:35:20,470 blazed uncharted trails both up in space 684 00:35:20,570 --> 00:35:22,500 and down on Earth. 685 00:35:22,610 --> 00:35:25,040 It's curved on the bottom, weighs about 12,000 pounds, 686 00:35:25,140 --> 00:35:27,610 and has all manner of levers 687 00:35:27,710 --> 00:35:29,540 and gadgets and gears. 688 00:35:29,650 --> 00:35:31,410 WILDMAN: This capsule held the fate 689 00:35:31,510 --> 00:35:34,110 of embittered international rivals. 690 00:35:34,220 --> 00:35:36,550 These two nations had been at each other's throats. 691 00:35:36,650 --> 00:35:40,320 WILDMAN: In what historic mission did this capsule play a part, 692 00:35:40,420 --> 00:35:43,520 and how did it shift the balance of global power? 693 00:35:45,530 --> 00:35:47,960 May 1972, Moscow. 694 00:35:48,060 --> 00:35:50,430 President Richard Nixon concludes 695 00:35:50,530 --> 00:35:52,670 a landmark summit with America's 696 00:35:52,770 --> 00:35:55,840 once-fiercest foe -- the Soviet Union. 697 00:35:55,940 --> 00:35:58,910 The talks between these former rivals 698 00:35:59,010 --> 00:36:01,680 signal a thaw in Cold War relations 699 00:36:01,780 --> 00:36:04,910 and a shared commitment to find ways of working together. 700 00:36:05,010 --> 00:36:07,720 This was the first opportunity for 701 00:36:07,820 --> 00:36:10,550 the United States and the former Soviet Union to collaborate 702 00:36:10,650 --> 00:36:12,620 officially as nations. 703 00:36:12,720 --> 00:36:15,560 WILDMAN: The most ambitious of these resolutions 704 00:36:15,660 --> 00:36:18,160 is an unprecedented joint mission between 705 00:36:18,260 --> 00:36:20,860 the two countries' vaunted space programs. 706 00:36:20,960 --> 00:36:23,930 The plan is for two spacecraft, 707 00:36:24,030 --> 00:36:26,770 the U.S. Apollo and the Soviet Soyuz, 708 00:36:26,870 --> 00:36:29,240 to dock together in orbit and then welcome 709 00:36:29,340 --> 00:36:31,370 their fellow crews aboard. 710 00:36:31,470 --> 00:36:33,440 It became formally known 711 00:36:33,540 --> 00:36:35,940 as the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. 712 00:36:36,050 --> 00:36:38,850 WILDMAN: Physically linking two megaton modules 713 00:36:38,950 --> 00:36:40,920 in the void of space 714 00:36:41,020 --> 00:36:43,020 is a bold endeavor that carries 715 00:36:43,120 --> 00:36:45,050 extraordinary risk. 716 00:36:45,150 --> 00:36:47,050 It's a lot of mass and momentum there. 717 00:36:47,160 --> 00:36:49,760 WILDMAN: The slightest misalignment between the craft 718 00:36:49,860 --> 00:36:52,260 could result in a fatal collision. 719 00:36:52,360 --> 00:36:54,960 PHILLIPS: If you break your spacecraft, if you punch a hole in it, 720 00:36:55,060 --> 00:36:57,200 you've got a big problem, because all your air is going out, 721 00:36:57,300 --> 00:36:59,270 and you die -- I mean, there would be nothing to breathe. 722 00:36:59,370 --> 00:37:01,870 WILDMAN: The extreme dangers of the project 723 00:37:01,970 --> 00:37:05,110 provoke skepticism on the home fronts of both nations. 724 00:37:05,210 --> 00:37:08,240 PHILLIPS: People were not all uniformly in agreement 725 00:37:08,340 --> 00:37:10,410 that it could work or that it should go forward. 726 00:37:10,510 --> 00:37:13,080 There was not very much trust on either side. 727 00:37:13,180 --> 00:37:16,250 WILDMAN: But with the fledgling détente hanging in the balance, 728 00:37:16,350 --> 00:37:19,420 both nations resolve to put their best foot forward. 729 00:37:19,520 --> 00:37:21,860 At NASA headquarters in Houston, 730 00:37:21,960 --> 00:37:23,860 administrators assemble their best 731 00:37:23,960 --> 00:37:26,190 and brightest engineers for the project. 732 00:37:26,300 --> 00:37:28,730 At the helm will be top flight director, 733 00:37:28,830 --> 00:37:30,730 Glynn Lunney. 734 00:37:30,830 --> 00:37:34,000 Lunney is a natural leader with a keen and technical mind. 735 00:37:34,100 --> 00:37:36,940 It was in his hands that... 736 00:37:37,040 --> 00:37:39,210 the top shots were called. 737 00:37:39,310 --> 00:37:42,710 WILDMAN: That July, he welcomes his Soviet counterparts to Houston, 738 00:37:42,810 --> 00:37:45,280 where the former Space Race adversaries 739 00:37:45,380 --> 00:37:48,580 must now work together to hash out the mission's mechanics. 740 00:37:48,680 --> 00:37:51,250 Just, like, a million details had to be worked out. 741 00:37:51,350 --> 00:37:54,560 WILDMAN: The team works to set aside rivalry 742 00:37:54,660 --> 00:37:56,820 in the interest of the mission, 743 00:37:56,930 --> 00:37:59,190 but it's soon clear that transferring the crews 744 00:37:59,300 --> 00:38:01,200 between the Apollo and the Soyuz 745 00:38:01,300 --> 00:38:03,700 will test the limits of their ability. 746 00:38:05,770 --> 00:38:09,270 The interior atmospheres of Soyuz and the Apollo 747 00:38:09,370 --> 00:38:12,640 are wildly incompatible and incredibly fragile. 748 00:38:12,740 --> 00:38:15,440 In opening the hatch door to their counterparts, 749 00:38:15,540 --> 00:38:17,880 both crews risk compromising 750 00:38:17,980 --> 00:38:20,380 their own limited supply of oxygen. 751 00:38:20,480 --> 00:38:22,680 PHILLIPS: You've got a microenvironment 752 00:38:22,790 --> 00:38:24,690 that's keeping you alive. 753 00:38:24,790 --> 00:38:27,760 Any kind of a major pressure change -- that would be disaster. 754 00:38:27,860 --> 00:38:30,820 WILDMAN: For months, the teams struggle 755 00:38:30,930 --> 00:38:34,260 to solve the problems in a way that doesn't place one crew 756 00:38:34,360 --> 00:38:36,360 in greater jeopardy than the other. 757 00:38:36,470 --> 00:38:39,300 Finally, they come up with an ingenious fix -- 758 00:38:39,400 --> 00:38:41,400 an independent docking module 759 00:38:41,500 --> 00:38:44,070 that will connect the two craft without drastically 760 00:38:44,170 --> 00:38:46,710 altering the atmosphere in either one. 761 00:38:46,810 --> 00:38:48,910 When the module is complete, 762 00:38:49,010 --> 00:38:51,210 it undergoes a series of tests. 763 00:38:51,310 --> 00:38:53,750 The system seems to work on Earth, 764 00:38:53,850 --> 00:38:56,850 but in space, there's no room for error. 765 00:38:56,950 --> 00:38:59,490 You can minimize the dangers by planning carefully, 766 00:38:59,590 --> 00:39:01,690 but you can't make 'em go to zero. 767 00:39:01,790 --> 00:39:04,830 WILDMAN: Houston, July 15, 1975. 768 00:39:04,930 --> 00:39:07,260 From his perch in Mission Control, 769 00:39:07,360 --> 00:39:10,930 Glynn Lunney watches the Apollo prepare for liftoff. 770 00:39:11,030 --> 00:39:12,930 MAN #1: Three...two... MAN #2: Three...two... 771 00:39:13,040 --> 00:39:14,940 engine sequence start... one...zero... one...zero... 772 00:39:15,040 --> 00:39:17,070 Launch commit, we have a liftoff. 773 00:39:17,170 --> 00:39:19,510 All engines building up thrust. 774 00:39:19,610 --> 00:39:22,380 WILDMAN: Less than 10 minutes later, the crew is in orbit. 775 00:39:22,480 --> 00:39:25,580 Then, 41 hours into the mission, 776 00:39:25,680 --> 00:39:28,020 the astronauts spot the Soyuz, 777 00:39:28,120 --> 00:39:30,980 and the two craft begin a delicate approach. 778 00:39:31,090 --> 00:39:34,590 The Apollo crew knows that if the docking goes awry, 779 00:39:34,690 --> 00:39:37,660 it's likely neither they nor the Soviets 780 00:39:37,760 --> 00:39:39,830 will make it back to Earth. 781 00:39:39,930 --> 00:39:41,830 They had to get it right the first time. 782 00:39:41,930 --> 00:39:44,260 WILDMAN: So will the mission succeed? 783 00:39:48,140 --> 00:39:50,070 It's the early 1970s. 784 00:39:50,170 --> 00:39:52,510 In an effort to thaw Cold War tensions, 785 00:39:52,610 --> 00:39:55,180 the Americans and the Soviets have planned 786 00:39:55,280 --> 00:39:57,850 an unprecedented space mission. 787 00:39:57,950 --> 00:40:00,220 For the first time ever, and American and a Russian 788 00:40:00,320 --> 00:40:02,820 spacecraft will dock in orbit. 789 00:40:02,920 --> 00:40:05,690 So can this interstellar union actually succeed? 790 00:40:07,590 --> 00:40:09,990 One hundred and thirty-eight miles above the Earth, 791 00:40:10,090 --> 00:40:12,460 the Apollo closes in on the Soviet Soyuz 792 00:40:12,560 --> 00:40:14,460 in preparation for docking, 793 00:40:14,560 --> 00:40:16,870 and its crew braces for impact. 794 00:40:16,970 --> 00:40:19,430 (man over radio) Three meters... 795 00:40:19,540 --> 00:40:22,240 one meter... 796 00:40:22,340 --> 00:40:24,540 contact! 797 00:40:24,640 --> 00:40:26,570 Docking completed. 798 00:40:26,680 --> 00:40:29,880 WILDMAN: Amazingly, this maiden rendezvous 799 00:40:29,980 --> 00:40:32,150 goes off without a hitch. 800 00:40:32,250 --> 00:40:34,380 The U.S. crew soon prepares 801 00:40:34,480 --> 00:40:36,750 to open the hatch and make history. 802 00:40:36,850 --> 00:40:38,790 PHILLIPS: The fact that two countries that had been 803 00:40:38,890 --> 00:40:41,020 formerly enemies were actually doing this 804 00:40:41,120 --> 00:40:43,960 the first time was really an amazing thing. 805 00:40:44,060 --> 00:40:46,260 It truly was historical. 806 00:40:46,360 --> 00:40:48,260 There's no question about that. 807 00:40:48,370 --> 00:40:50,270 WILDMAN: The Americans invite the cosmonauts 808 00:40:50,370 --> 00:40:52,270 aboard the Apollo command module, 809 00:40:52,370 --> 00:40:55,170 the very one on display at the California ScienCenter. 810 00:40:55,270 --> 00:40:59,170 During the two days the Apollo and Soyuz are linked, 811 00:40:59,280 --> 00:41:02,610 their crews share meals and conduct experiments. 812 00:41:02,710 --> 00:41:05,810 The mission is an overwhelming success 813 00:41:05,920 --> 00:41:09,220 and strengthens the nations' once tenuous peace. 814 00:41:09,320 --> 00:41:11,690 It was enormous that these two nations trusted each other 815 00:41:11,790 --> 00:41:14,320 and decided to do something so inspiring. 816 00:41:14,420 --> 00:41:16,590 It's a noble endeavor. 817 00:41:16,690 --> 00:41:19,490 WILDMAN: Yet nearly 40 years after the historic docking, 818 00:41:19,600 --> 00:41:22,400 the legacy of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project 819 00:41:22,500 --> 00:41:24,500 still resonates. 820 00:41:24,600 --> 00:41:26,940 The mission set the precedent for ISS, 821 00:41:27,040 --> 00:41:30,070 the International Space Station orbiting Earth today, 822 00:41:30,170 --> 00:41:33,410 a collaboration among 15 different countries. 823 00:41:33,510 --> 00:41:36,710 And this Apollo command module 824 00:41:36,810 --> 00:41:38,710 at the California ScienCenter 825 00:41:38,820 --> 00:41:41,180 exemplifies the unlikely partnership 826 00:41:41,280 --> 00:41:43,720 that set the course for an unexpected 827 00:41:43,820 --> 00:41:46,790 extraterrestrial alliance. 828 00:41:46,890 --> 00:41:50,090 From an Olympic scandal 829 00:41:50,190 --> 00:41:52,730 to a high-stakes chess match. 830 00:41:52,830 --> 00:41:55,100 A Hollywood rivalry 831 00:41:55,200 --> 00:41:57,570 to a Nazi-bashing boxer. 832 00:41:57,670 --> 00:42:00,600 I'm Don Wildman, and these are the mysteries at the museum.