Qatar, une dynastie a la conquete du monde

1 00:00:05,840 --> 00:00:08,160 NARRATOR: A country that might never have existed. 2 00:00:09,720 --> 00:00:13,800 A monarchy that could have remained among the poorest on the planet. 3 00:00:15,000 --> 00:00:21,074 Watch Online Movies and Series for FREE www.osdb.link/lm 4 00:00:26,440 --> 00:00:29,360 After the discovery of gas three decades ago, 5 00:00:29,360 --> 00:00:33,720 Qatar, a secretive state and emirate with only 300,000 citizens, 6 00:00:33,720 --> 00:00:36,040 embarked on the conquest of the planet. 7 00:00:38,640 --> 00:00:41,400 We are a small country, don't deny our size, 8 00:00:41,400 --> 00:00:43,280 but the ambition was always big. 9 00:00:43,280 --> 00:00:46,640 The phrase that pundits always used in the '90s and early 2000s 10 00:00:46,640 --> 00:00:48,280 is Qatar "punching above its weight". 11 00:00:48,280 --> 00:00:51,320 It ended up becoming a subject of conversation 12 00:00:51,320 --> 00:00:54,120 in the media world, in the art world, 13 00:00:54,120 --> 00:00:56,120 in the diplomatic world, in the sports world. 14 00:01:01,720 --> 00:01:08,680 The winner to organise the 2022 FIFA World Cup 15 00:01:08,680 --> 00:01:10,320 is Qatar. 16 00:01:10,320 --> 00:01:13,560 (CHEERING, APPLAUSE) 17 00:01:13,560 --> 00:01:16,680 WOMAN: This moment, we were waiting for the envelope. 18 00:01:16,680 --> 00:01:18,320 When it says 'Qatar', 19 00:01:18,320 --> 00:01:22,040 I think this is, I mean... it's an unforgettable moment for us. 20 00:01:25,720 --> 00:01:29,360 Behind this ascension, as fascinating as it is frightening, 21 00:01:29,360 --> 00:01:32,160 is a dynasty and absolute monarchy - 22 00:01:32,160 --> 00:01:33,800 the house of Thani. 23 00:01:35,800 --> 00:01:39,440 Khalifa, the grandfather, declared the independence of Qatar. 24 00:01:39,440 --> 00:01:41,440 His son Hamad turned the country 25 00:01:41,440 --> 00:01:43,840 into the wealthiest in the world per inhabitant. 26 00:01:43,840 --> 00:01:46,880 The grandson Tamim wants to impose his emirate 27 00:01:46,880 --> 00:01:48,600 at the centre of the world stage. 28 00:01:50,400 --> 00:01:53,080 I don't think what Qatar is doing is because of vanity. 29 00:01:53,080 --> 00:01:57,000 It's not that the Qataris, that they require global attention. 30 00:01:57,000 --> 00:01:59,640 It's more about a fundamental understanding 31 00:01:59,640 --> 00:02:03,080 of where Qatar is situated in this part of the world. 32 00:02:03,080 --> 00:02:04,880 With its capital, Doha, 33 00:02:04,880 --> 00:02:07,760 The peninsula state, about the size of Corsica, 34 00:02:07,760 --> 00:02:10,720 has been swept up into the tensions of the Persian Gulf 35 00:02:10,720 --> 00:02:13,840 between the two great rivals of the Muslim world, 36 00:02:13,840 --> 00:02:15,800 Iran and Saudi Arabia. 37 00:02:16,880 --> 00:02:20,400 I mean, the reality, it's... geopolitically, it's a small state. 38 00:02:20,400 --> 00:02:23,200 The fact that you are wedged between powers 39 00:02:23,200 --> 00:02:25,720 and you have to navigate your way all the time. 40 00:02:31,360 --> 00:02:34,040 We look into the paradoxes of this tiny emirate, 41 00:02:34,040 --> 00:02:35,960 seemingly schizophrenic, 42 00:02:35,960 --> 00:02:37,800 torn between opening up to the West 43 00:02:37,800 --> 00:02:41,160 and the religious conservatism of Bedouin society. 44 00:02:58,880 --> 00:03:01,720 To understand the small emirate's contradictions, 45 00:03:01,720 --> 00:03:04,280 we must go back to the nomadic caravans 46 00:03:04,280 --> 00:03:06,680 that crisscrossed each other for centuries. 47 00:03:08,960 --> 00:03:11,080 Today, the inhospitable tracts 48 00:03:11,080 --> 00:03:13,800 are the playground of powerful four-wheel-drives. 49 00:03:16,760 --> 00:03:18,720 This pack is chasing a falcon, 50 00:03:18,720 --> 00:03:21,360 which in turn has been trained to hunt pigeons. 51 00:03:38,960 --> 00:03:41,760 The competition, aired live on TV, 52 00:03:41,760 --> 00:03:44,320 rewards the best falcon trainers in Qatar. 53 00:03:49,280 --> 00:03:51,320 Until the middle of the 20th century 54 00:03:51,320 --> 00:03:53,760 this form of hunting helped to feed the people 55 00:03:53,760 --> 00:03:57,560 who lived in one of the most hostile deserts on the planet. 56 00:03:57,560 --> 00:03:59,520 It has become a prestigious sport 57 00:03:59,520 --> 00:04:02,880 and the winners go home with mind-boggling prizes. 58 00:04:02,880 --> 00:04:05,960 And everyone he catch the pigeon today, 59 00:04:05,960 --> 00:04:09,720 he win 100,000 riyal. 60 00:04:09,720 --> 00:04:14,040 in the final, they win Lexus 4x4 car. 61 00:04:17,480 --> 00:04:19,840 The rewards are offered by the royal family, 62 00:04:19,840 --> 00:04:22,320 which supports the traditions of the Bedouins, 63 00:04:22,320 --> 00:04:24,680 the nomadic herders of the Arabian Peninsula. 64 00:04:33,640 --> 00:04:36,520 The official commentator, Hamad Al Jamil, 65 00:04:36,520 --> 00:04:39,000 is one of the fiercest upholders of this heritage. 66 00:04:39,000 --> 00:04:40,080 (HORN HONKS) 67 00:04:46,640 --> 00:04:50,040 The falconer has even become a star of Qatari social networks. 68 00:04:53,000 --> 00:04:55,000 I'll like sit like this? 69 00:04:57,840 --> 00:04:59,080 Huh? 70 00:05:17,000 --> 00:05:19,560 Qataris don't want to be seen as just having oil 71 00:05:19,560 --> 00:05:21,640 or just having LNG, just having assets. 72 00:05:21,640 --> 00:05:27,600 They want to show that there is this this primordial Bedu identity. 73 00:05:35,320 --> 00:05:39,600 So, it's a sort of combination of old and...ancient and modern. 74 00:05:39,600 --> 00:05:45,680 You've got the old, harking back to the days of Bedouin and the desert, 75 00:05:45,680 --> 00:05:50,160 but with all the mod cons attached to it. 76 00:05:50,160 --> 00:05:52,040 (UP-BEAT MUSIC PLAYS) 77 00:05:53,400 --> 00:05:58,120 In this folkloric version of Bedouin society, women are not to be seen. 78 00:06:02,600 --> 00:06:06,280 The Qataris have inherited a strict Muslim culture, Wahhabism, 79 00:06:06,280 --> 00:06:08,520 an ultra-conservative religious branch 80 00:06:08,520 --> 00:06:11,520 that was born in Saudi Arabia in the 18th century. 81 00:06:13,800 --> 00:06:18,800 Still today, many Qatari laws are inspired by Sharia, or Qur'anic law. 82 00:06:21,640 --> 00:06:23,800 The Qatari population is mainly made up 83 00:06:23,800 --> 00:06:25,920 of large Sunni Muslim tribes 84 00:06:25,920 --> 00:06:28,720 which have forged a strong sense of kinship between them. 85 00:07:04,920 --> 00:07:06,480 In just 30 years, 86 00:07:06,480 --> 00:07:09,720 hydrocarbon billions have transformed this society 87 00:07:09,720 --> 00:07:12,800 at a speed and scale rarely seen in human history. 88 00:07:19,280 --> 00:07:21,120 In Doha, social life is arranged 89 00:07:21,120 --> 00:07:23,600 around luxurious air-conditioned malls - 90 00:07:23,600 --> 00:07:25,600 temples of consumption. 91 00:07:34,600 --> 00:07:37,680 As an influencer, Hamad has been invited this morning 92 00:07:37,680 --> 00:07:40,520 to do a social network promotion for some perfumes, 93 00:07:40,520 --> 00:07:42,520 a passion in the Gulf States. 94 00:08:46,880 --> 00:08:49,880 80% of Qataris work as state functionaries 95 00:08:49,880 --> 00:08:51,840 and employ numerous servants. 96 00:08:53,960 --> 00:08:57,440 It's a monarchy in which the subjects of the royal family 97 00:08:57,440 --> 00:08:59,960 thank their leaders whenever they get the chance. 98 00:08:59,960 --> 00:09:01,920 It's a way of showing their loyalty. 99 00:09:22,920 --> 00:09:25,680 This accelerated modernisation has been achieved 100 00:09:25,680 --> 00:09:27,360 in just one generation. 101 00:09:28,800 --> 00:09:32,440 On the 23rd floor of this tower, which belongs to him, 102 00:09:32,440 --> 00:09:34,960 Faisal bin Qassim Al Thani is considered to be 103 00:09:34,960 --> 00:09:38,000 one of the builders of modern Qatar. 104 00:09:38,000 --> 00:09:39,760 The prince belongs to one of the branches 105 00:09:39,760 --> 00:09:42,440 of the impressive Al Thani dynasty. 106 00:09:46,440 --> 00:09:48,920 Islam allows men to have several wives 107 00:09:48,920 --> 00:09:51,280 and they all have a large number of children. 108 00:10:24,160 --> 00:10:27,080 The Al Thanis came to power in the late 19th century. 109 00:10:32,440 --> 00:10:35,240 Back then, the emirate was a far-flung province 110 00:10:35,240 --> 00:10:37,160 of the Ottoman Empire. 111 00:10:37,160 --> 00:10:40,360 In one of his palaces, the billionaire Faisal bin Qassim 112 00:10:40,360 --> 00:10:42,720 opened a museum that bears his name 113 00:10:42,720 --> 00:10:45,000 to preserve and promote his cultural heritage. 114 00:11:10,200 --> 00:11:15,120 Most of the 300,000 Qataris descend from these nine original tribes. 115 00:11:15,120 --> 00:11:18,520 Nationality is passed on through right of blood 116 00:11:18,520 --> 00:11:22,440 and, in this patriarchal society, solely through that of the father. 117 00:11:24,920 --> 00:11:28,560 At the end of World War I, the Ottoman Empire was disbanded 118 00:11:28,560 --> 00:11:31,160 and Qatar became a British protectorate. 119 00:11:32,600 --> 00:11:36,560 At the time, here's what one of the Al Thani tribe houses looked like. 120 00:12:14,280 --> 00:12:16,480 This almost timeless existence 121 00:12:16,480 --> 00:12:19,480 was turned on its head in the 1930s and '40s 122 00:12:19,480 --> 00:12:22,840 with the arrival of foreign engineers in search of oil. 123 00:12:24,480 --> 00:12:26,320 With members of the royal family, 124 00:12:26,320 --> 00:12:28,920 the British founded the first oil company. 125 00:13:18,480 --> 00:13:22,800 In the 1950s, Qataris discovered Western consumer society. 126 00:13:27,480 --> 00:13:29,480 But oil reserves turned out to be fewer 127 00:13:29,480 --> 00:13:31,040 than in neighbouring countries, 128 00:13:31,040 --> 00:13:32,880 which were enjoying more rapid growth. 129 00:13:32,880 --> 00:13:37,640 In the late 1960s, the British, in the full throes of decolonisation, 130 00:13:37,640 --> 00:13:41,800 no longer wanted to ensure the security of the Gulf principalities. 131 00:13:41,800 --> 00:13:47,160 In 1971, Qatar, like its neighbouring emirate, Bahrain, 132 00:13:47,160 --> 00:13:49,160 had to choose between independence 133 00:13:49,160 --> 00:13:52,080 or joining the federation of the United Arab Emirates, 134 00:13:52,080 --> 00:13:56,000 which was being created by the ruling families of Dubai and Abu Dhabi. 135 00:14:18,520 --> 00:14:21,080 For fear of falling under the rule of its neighbours, 136 00:14:21,080 --> 00:14:22,960 Qatar chose to go it alone. 137 00:14:26,520 --> 00:14:28,000 It was Khalifa, the current emir's grandfather, 138 00:14:28,000 --> 00:14:29,120 It was Khalifa, the current emir's grandfather, 139 00:14:29,120 --> 00:14:31,320 who announced independence on TV. 140 00:14:58,440 --> 00:15:00,640 This announcement was seen as a betrayal 141 00:15:00,640 --> 00:15:02,240 by the other Gulf monarchies 142 00:15:02,240 --> 00:15:03,840 and has never been forgiven. 143 00:15:05,520 --> 00:15:07,840 Especially when, in the 1970s, 144 00:15:07,840 --> 00:15:10,320 a vast undersea gas field was discovered. 145 00:15:12,160 --> 00:15:15,840 At the time, the Emir, Khalifa, was wary of over-rapid growth 146 00:15:15,840 --> 00:15:18,240 and did not believe too much in the future of gas. 147 00:15:20,040 --> 00:15:23,320 He preferred spending his oil money on long trips overseas 148 00:15:23,320 --> 00:15:26,360 while he left his ambitious son, Hamad, in charge. 149 00:17:06,000 --> 00:17:09,320 So, there is this anecdote that Sheikh Hamad arrived, 150 00:17:09,320 --> 00:17:12,200 I don't know whether it was in the UK or in France, 151 00:17:12,200 --> 00:17:14,880 looking at the passport, and the immigration officer was saying, 152 00:17:14,880 --> 00:17:18,080 "Where's this passport from? What is Qatar actually?" 153 00:17:18,080 --> 00:17:21,320 And that kind of is an anecdote to illustrate, after that, 154 00:17:21,320 --> 00:17:24,160 Qatar was...Sheikh Hamad was really pressured 155 00:17:24,160 --> 00:17:26,360 to transform Qatar and put Qatar on the map. 156 00:17:28,840 --> 00:17:30,480 To realise his ambition, 157 00:17:30,480 --> 00:17:33,480 Hamad launched drilling for natural gas in North Field, 158 00:17:33,480 --> 00:17:36,920 which straddles the territorial waters of Qatar and Iran. 159 00:17:39,880 --> 00:17:41,520 This economic relationship 160 00:17:41,520 --> 00:17:44,640 between the great Shiite power and the small Sunni monarchy 161 00:17:44,640 --> 00:17:46,080 drew suspicion on Qatar 162 00:17:46,080 --> 00:17:48,760 from the other states of the Arabian Peninsula. 163 00:17:51,320 --> 00:17:53,200 But Hamad didn't care. 164 00:17:54,520 --> 00:17:57,320 The new emir borrowed heavily from Western banks 165 00:17:57,320 --> 00:18:02,160 and invested billions of dollars to construct floating gas terminals, 166 00:18:02,160 --> 00:18:04,800 ships that store gas in giant domes 167 00:18:04,800 --> 00:18:09,320 at a temperature of -167 degrees Celsius. 168 00:18:09,320 --> 00:18:13,360 It's what is called liquefied natural gas, or LNG. 169 00:18:15,000 --> 00:18:18,360 There were, at that time, fears 170 00:18:18,360 --> 00:18:23,240 that there wouldn't be a massive market for gas, 171 00:18:23,240 --> 00:18:26,840 that this could all be, you know, a bubble that would burst 172 00:18:26,840 --> 00:18:29,280 and it would be money that was wasted. 173 00:18:31,680 --> 00:18:35,560 The demand for gas exploded in the late 1990s. 174 00:18:35,560 --> 00:18:37,640 Thanks to its earlier investments, 175 00:18:37,640 --> 00:18:40,480 the small emirate was years ahead of its competitors 176 00:18:40,480 --> 00:18:44,040 and started playing with the Russian and American big boys. 177 00:19:12,240 --> 00:19:16,000 I mean, the face of Doha changed very drastically. 178 00:19:16,000 --> 00:19:16,040 I mean, the face of Doha changed very drastically. 179 00:20:06,640 --> 00:20:08,920 With unlimited funds now available, 180 00:20:08,920 --> 00:20:12,480 Hamad Al Thani brought in companies and labour from across the globe. 181 00:20:14,360 --> 00:20:17,960 He launched his country into a series of Pharaoh-like construction sites. 182 00:20:19,960 --> 00:20:21,280 Like the Pearl. 183 00:20:23,480 --> 00:20:26,800 This complex of buildings was constructed on artificial islands 184 00:20:26,800 --> 00:20:30,000 symbolising shells with pearls at their centre. 185 00:20:30,000 --> 00:20:31,520 Luxury hotels. 186 00:20:33,080 --> 00:20:36,320 A specialist with more than 40 years' experience in public works, 187 00:20:36,320 --> 00:20:38,760 Christian Dumond has taken part in the development 188 00:20:38,760 --> 00:20:40,640 of several of these huge projects. 189 00:20:55,200 --> 00:20:58,960 From the signing of the construction contract to the inauguration, 190 00:20:58,960 --> 00:21:01,120 fewer than 10 years passed - 191 00:21:01,120 --> 00:21:04,400 something unprecedented in underground transport. 192 00:21:07,280 --> 00:21:11,880 French, German and Japanese companies shared the dizzying contract 193 00:21:11,880 --> 00:21:14,240 to build the world's most luxurious subway. 194 00:21:55,000 --> 00:21:57,840 (ANNOUNCER SPEAKS ARABIC OVER P.A.) 195 00:21:57,840 --> 00:22:00,440 ANNOUNCER: (OVER P.A.) This station is Msheireb. 196 00:22:00,440 --> 00:22:04,440 Qatari society is very compartmentalised. 197 00:22:15,280 --> 00:22:19,920 You'd be hard pressed, when you go to Doha, to meet a Qatari. 198 00:22:21,920 --> 00:22:23,680 With the arrival of foreign workers, 199 00:22:23,680 --> 00:22:26,560 the country now has around 3 million inhabitants. 200 00:22:28,280 --> 00:22:30,360 But the Qataris form a minority, 201 00:22:30,360 --> 00:22:32,920 accounting for barely 10% of the population. 202 00:22:34,960 --> 00:22:37,600 Aurelien Colly worked as a journalist in Doha 203 00:22:37,600 --> 00:22:39,160 in the early 2000s. 204 00:23:10,520 --> 00:23:13,520 Qatar is one of the most unequal societies in the world. 205 00:23:14,920 --> 00:23:18,440 Workers from poor countries carry out all the lowly tasks. 206 00:23:22,520 --> 00:23:24,120 Like all foreigners, 207 00:23:24,120 --> 00:23:27,360 they have a residence permit that's only valid if they work, 208 00:23:27,360 --> 00:23:29,520 and can be expelled at any moment. 209 00:23:29,520 --> 00:23:31,840 (BIRDS CHIRP) 210 00:23:35,560 --> 00:23:37,480 In the capital's souq 211 00:23:37,480 --> 00:23:40,120 the vendors wear traditional Bedouin clothes. 212 00:23:43,120 --> 00:23:46,080 In appearance, they might pass for Qataris, 213 00:23:46,080 --> 00:23:49,000 but they come, in fact, from other Arab-speaking countries, 214 00:23:49,000 --> 00:23:52,520 often at war, like Iraq, Yemen and Syria. 215 00:24:07,640 --> 00:24:09,640 This Muslim man speaks Arabic 216 00:24:09,640 --> 00:24:11,680 and has a very sought-after job - 217 00:24:11,680 --> 00:24:13,240 that of a falconer - 218 00:24:13,240 --> 00:24:16,000 and yet he will never be accorded Qatari nationality. 219 00:24:16,000 --> 00:24:16,600 and yet he will never be accorded Qatari nationality. 220 00:24:38,280 --> 00:24:42,200 To live and work in Qatar, Khaled must have a local sponsor. 221 00:24:43,400 --> 00:24:44,760 Shhhh. 222 00:24:44,760 --> 00:24:46,560 It's what is called kafala. 223 00:24:46,560 --> 00:24:48,080 Shhhh. 224 00:24:48,080 --> 00:24:50,000 A system of social control 225 00:24:50,000 --> 00:24:53,520 which foreigners cannot criticise in front of a camera. 226 00:25:08,720 --> 00:25:10,120 Yeah, and that's the argument, 227 00:25:10,120 --> 00:25:12,720 that actually the Qatari government or Qatari officials 228 00:25:12,720 --> 00:25:14,200 will speak openly about it, 229 00:25:14,200 --> 00:25:16,240 is that, "We are a minority in our country," 230 00:25:16,240 --> 00:25:18,800 because they fear of being taken over 231 00:25:18,800 --> 00:25:21,560 by the foreign nationals in the country. 232 00:25:21,560 --> 00:25:25,200 And the kafala system is a way to control this workforce. 233 00:25:25,200 --> 00:25:26,800 The kafala system 234 00:25:26,800 --> 00:25:30,160 is a system for finding and retaining expatriate labour. 235 00:25:30,160 --> 00:25:31,960 It is common throughout the Gulf. 236 00:25:31,960 --> 00:25:36,120 It often also has meant that it's very difficult 237 00:25:36,120 --> 00:25:39,880 for workers to leave the country without their employer's consent. 238 00:25:43,080 --> 00:25:45,120 In the early 2000s, 239 00:25:45,120 --> 00:25:47,640 whatever the plight of these foreign workers, 240 00:25:47,640 --> 00:25:50,600 the royal family underwent a cultural revolution. 241 00:25:53,440 --> 00:25:56,280 Hamad took as his second wife Sheikha Moza, 242 00:25:56,280 --> 00:25:58,600 the daughter of a former political rival. 243 00:26:00,280 --> 00:26:02,200 For the first time in a Gulf monarchy, 244 00:26:02,200 --> 00:26:05,000 a woman became a front-line political figure. 245 00:26:19,240 --> 00:26:20,960 COURTNEY FREER: Sheikha Moza was visible 246 00:26:20,960 --> 00:26:23,560 in terms of travelling with her husband on state visits. 247 00:26:23,560 --> 00:26:26,000 Not just that she was visible, but also that she had power. 248 00:26:27,280 --> 00:26:29,320 She did have power through Qatar foundation. 249 00:26:29,320 --> 00:26:30,640 She had a vision. 250 00:26:32,840 --> 00:26:35,880 The Emir entrusted her with running Qatar Foundation, 251 00:26:35,880 --> 00:26:39,160 making her the de facto education minister. 252 00:26:39,160 --> 00:26:42,080 With the gas money, Sheikha Moza opened branches 253 00:26:42,080 --> 00:26:44,640 of the world's top universities in Qatar. 254 00:26:48,160 --> 00:26:51,240 Classes are in English and students obtain, in theory, 255 00:26:51,240 --> 00:26:55,680 diplomas equivalent to those of the original universities. 256 00:26:55,680 --> 00:27:00,320 There is a description of one of the opening ceremonies 257 00:27:00,320 --> 00:27:02,560 of a new campus in Doha. 258 00:27:02,560 --> 00:27:07,280 And instead of Sheikh Hamad taking a leading role 259 00:27:07,280 --> 00:27:09,520 by giving the speech, the opening speech, 260 00:27:09,520 --> 00:27:13,440 it's his wife who steps up to the podium and gives the speech. 261 00:27:38,520 --> 00:27:40,360 On their overseas visits, 262 00:27:40,360 --> 00:27:43,360 this emancipation is reflected in the couple's dress. 263 00:27:45,600 --> 00:27:48,000 Sheikha Moza wears glamorous outfits 264 00:27:48,000 --> 00:27:50,720 while respecting Islamic dress codes - 265 00:27:50,720 --> 00:27:53,640 not showing her hair or wearing anything low-cut. 266 00:28:03,280 --> 00:28:06,480 Still, it was quite a fashionable figure 267 00:28:06,480 --> 00:28:09,280 and tended to wear on state visits 268 00:28:09,280 --> 00:28:12,800 some of the, like, best, kind of newest designer... 269 00:28:15,280 --> 00:28:20,040 There are several Instagram pages dedicated to Sheikha Moza's fashion. 270 00:28:34,440 --> 00:28:38,560 Some of her daughters have become pretty visible figures 271 00:28:38,560 --> 00:28:40,120 in Qatar as well. 272 00:28:41,320 --> 00:28:43,360 Among the couple's seven children, 273 00:28:43,360 --> 00:28:46,360 the one who seems to be following most in her mother's footsteps 274 00:28:46,360 --> 00:28:48,120 is Princess Mayassa. 275 00:28:52,520 --> 00:28:54,160 OK. We can start. 276 00:28:55,720 --> 00:29:00,680 Both of our parents, they empowered their daughters like their sons. 277 00:29:00,680 --> 00:29:03,000 Sometimes they pushed us even further and more 278 00:29:03,000 --> 00:29:04,600 because it was very important 279 00:29:04,600 --> 00:29:08,480 that every person in society participated in the economy. 280 00:29:10,800 --> 00:29:12,560 When she completed her studies 281 00:29:12,560 --> 00:29:15,280 Mayassa was appointed head of Qatar Museums. 282 00:29:16,840 --> 00:29:20,520 In the middle of Doha Bay stands the most emblematic building, 283 00:29:20,520 --> 00:29:22,680 the Museum of Islamic Art, 284 00:29:22,680 --> 00:29:26,640 designed by the Chinese-American architect Ieoh Ming Pei, 285 00:29:26,640 --> 00:29:29,800 who was responsible for the glass pyramid at the Louvre in Paris. 286 00:29:32,320 --> 00:29:35,280 Just next to it, Mayassa oversaw the construction 287 00:29:35,280 --> 00:29:37,480 of the new National Museum of Qatar. 288 00:29:38,600 --> 00:29:42,480 This desert rose is the work of French architect Jean Nouvel. 289 00:29:44,160 --> 00:29:47,280 With an estimated budget of $1 billion a year, 290 00:29:47,280 --> 00:29:50,400 American magazines regularly place the princess 291 00:29:50,400 --> 00:29:52,800 among the most influential women in the art world. 292 00:29:54,720 --> 00:29:56,440 With its investment fund 293 00:29:56,440 --> 00:29:59,520 the Qatari monarchy functions like a family business 294 00:29:59,520 --> 00:30:01,680 with a name that sells like a brand. 295 00:30:02,920 --> 00:30:06,200 And the emirate dreams of becoming a tourist destination. 296 00:30:07,520 --> 00:30:10,600 We're not the only hydrocarbon country in the world, 297 00:30:10,600 --> 00:30:14,480 but we decided to invest it in developing our economy. 298 00:30:14,480 --> 00:30:16,960 Cultural tourism is expected 299 00:30:16,960 --> 00:30:21,640 to bring over $1.25 billion to Qatar a year, 300 00:30:21,640 --> 00:30:23,760 and it's just the beginning. 301 00:30:28,280 --> 00:30:32,000 At ease with artists and sports stars like David Beckham, 302 00:30:32,000 --> 00:30:35,000 Mayassa embodies this new globalised Qatar. 303 00:30:37,840 --> 00:30:41,520 In public, in Doha, she combines sneakers, veil 304 00:30:41,520 --> 00:30:45,080 and abaya, the traditional long robe of the Gulf. 305 00:30:45,080 --> 00:30:47,840 (SPEAKS INDISTINCTLY) 306 00:30:47,840 --> 00:30:50,360 But, as her Facebook page shows, 307 00:30:50,360 --> 00:30:52,960 she abandons this dress code when overseas. 308 00:30:54,960 --> 00:30:57,400 Mayassa, who studied in Paris and New York, 309 00:30:57,400 --> 00:30:59,240 sees no contradiction in this. 310 00:31:02,280 --> 00:31:04,160 I think that's a Western perception, 311 00:31:04,160 --> 00:31:07,160 because women in Qatar, at least... 312 00:31:07,160 --> 00:31:09,280 I can only speak about Qatar. 313 00:31:09,280 --> 00:31:12,840 Women in Qatar have had leading roles from the very beginning. 314 00:31:12,840 --> 00:31:16,240 I remember when I was studying in Paris in 2004, 315 00:31:16,240 --> 00:31:17,920 I did a year at Sciences Po, 316 00:31:17,920 --> 00:31:20,400 and one of our teachers, who was French, 317 00:31:20,400 --> 00:31:23,800 at that time, they had introduced the laicite law 318 00:31:23,800 --> 00:31:28,000 and she was saying how poor she feels and helpless she feels 319 00:31:28,000 --> 00:31:30,120 that women have to wear the hijab. 320 00:31:30,120 --> 00:31:32,680 And I said to her, that's actually not the case - that women... 321 00:31:32,680 --> 00:31:35,200 ..you know, there are some women who are forced to wear it 322 00:31:35,200 --> 00:31:36,960 but the majority choose to wear it. 323 00:31:36,960 --> 00:31:38,640 And that choice is really important. 324 00:31:38,640 --> 00:31:40,880 We like to define ourselves by ourselves 325 00:31:40,880 --> 00:31:43,000 and not to be defined by others. 326 00:31:43,000 --> 00:31:43,240 and not to be defined by others. 327 00:31:43,000 --> 00:31:45,200 (MAN SINGS ISLAMIC CALL TO PRAYER) 328 00:31:48,840 --> 00:31:53,880 In the 2000s, the royal family has introduced reforms to Islamic law, 329 00:31:53,880 --> 00:31:57,280 notably to phase out men's guardianship of women. 330 00:31:59,040 --> 00:32:01,640 But, within a still strictly religious society, 331 00:32:01,640 --> 00:32:05,680 this wave of liberalism is faced with fierce opposition. 332 00:32:05,680 --> 00:32:09,960 On paper, sexual relations outside marriage and homosexuality 333 00:32:09,960 --> 00:32:12,920 are still punishable with prison sentences. 334 00:32:12,920 --> 00:32:16,080 But in reality the authorities turn a blind eye, 335 00:32:16,080 --> 00:32:18,200 especially for foreigners. 336 00:32:24,320 --> 00:32:27,160 These paradoxes are laid bare in sports. 337 00:32:29,240 --> 00:32:31,920 Improving a nation's image through sport 338 00:32:31,920 --> 00:32:34,320 is an age-old propaganda technique. 339 00:32:34,320 --> 00:32:37,920 to increase the atmosphere in stadiums most often empty, 340 00:32:37,920 --> 00:32:40,920 The emirate has encouraged the forming of supporters' clubs. 341 00:32:52,840 --> 00:32:55,280 Hardly any of them are Qatari. 342 00:32:55,280 --> 00:32:57,280 Most are just foreign residents. 343 00:33:00,440 --> 00:33:02,240 And on the field, it's the same. 344 00:33:03,520 --> 00:33:06,040 For its national sports teams to hold their own, 345 00:33:06,040 --> 00:33:09,080 the emirate naturalises foreign players as teenagers, 346 00:33:09,080 --> 00:33:11,200 often from poor Arab countries. 347 00:33:12,560 --> 00:33:16,000 Today, it's one of the rare ways to earn a Qatari passport. 348 00:33:22,120 --> 00:33:24,560 In the race for recognition through sport, 349 00:33:24,560 --> 00:33:27,120 The Al Thani clan is far from alone. 350 00:33:27,120 --> 00:33:31,000 Since the late 2010s, the monarchies of the Gulf 351 00:33:31,000 --> 00:33:33,960 have been in an ownership battle in European soccer. 352 00:33:38,760 --> 00:33:40,400 The United Arab Emirates 353 00:33:40,400 --> 00:33:42,480 treated itself to Manchester City. 354 00:33:44,280 --> 00:33:47,160 Saudi Arabia has recently purchased Newcastle. 355 00:33:48,680 --> 00:33:51,280 while Qatar has banked on Paris Saint-Germain. 356 00:33:54,520 --> 00:33:56,720 The Gulf countries' investment into sports 357 00:33:56,720 --> 00:33:59,560 has always seen as somewhat... as a means of sportwashing, 358 00:33:59,560 --> 00:34:01,520 where you're creating an appeal 359 00:34:01,520 --> 00:34:03,520 around a brand that is already existent 360 00:34:03,520 --> 00:34:08,000 to kind of distract from criticism over these countries, 361 00:34:08,000 --> 00:34:09,960 creating a more positive brand. 362 00:34:09,960 --> 00:34:12,520 Qatar wants to be a global influence player, 363 00:34:12,520 --> 00:34:15,040 and part of that is, obviously, branding. 364 00:34:15,040 --> 00:34:17,240 And Paris Saint-Germain and other sport investments 365 00:34:17,240 --> 00:34:21,000 are a way of showing to the world how important Qatar is. 366 00:34:26,120 --> 00:34:28,120 In this war of influence, 367 00:34:28,120 --> 00:34:33,440 in 2010, Qatar stood as a candidate to organise the soccer World Cup. 368 00:34:33,440 --> 00:34:37,480 Its competitors - the United States, Australia and South Korea - 369 00:34:37,480 --> 00:34:39,320 appeared the big favourites. 370 00:34:39,320 --> 00:34:43,280 But the hydrocarbon monarchy deployed considerable financial means 371 00:34:43,280 --> 00:34:45,560 to convince the members of FIFA. 372 00:34:45,560 --> 00:34:48,160 Until today, no legal action has proved 373 00:34:48,160 --> 00:34:50,720 that Qatar bought the World Cup. 374 00:34:50,720 --> 00:34:54,160 But, in an internal investigation, FIFA itself admitted 375 00:34:54,160 --> 00:34:56,360 to what it called "shady dealings". 376 00:34:56,360 --> 00:34:59,040 WOMAN: Within an hour of Doha city centre, 377 00:34:59,040 --> 00:35:01,120 this year's tournament really gives fans a chance 378 00:35:01,120 --> 00:35:04,360 to attend more than one game per day - that's pretty special. 379 00:35:18,320 --> 00:35:20,680 On December 2, 2010, 380 00:35:20,680 --> 00:35:24,080 the small emirate was chosen, amid widespread surprise. 381 00:35:25,280 --> 00:35:29,120 Flanked by their children, Hamad and Sheikha Moza savoured victory. 382 00:35:29,120 --> 00:35:30,880 (CHEERING, APPLAUSE) 383 00:35:32,240 --> 00:35:35,080 Qatar was now definitively on the world map. 384 00:35:39,680 --> 00:35:41,600 Thank you for giving Qatar a chance. 385 00:35:43,040 --> 00:35:45,280 And we will not let you down. 386 00:35:45,280 --> 00:35:47,080 You will be proud of us. 387 00:35:47,080 --> 00:35:49,000 You will be proud of the Middle East. 388 00:35:49,000 --> 00:35:50,680 And I promise you this. 389 00:35:50,680 --> 00:35:52,760 (CHEERING, APPLAUSE) 390 00:36:03,400 --> 00:36:05,440 Consecration was global. 391 00:36:06,480 --> 00:36:08,720 But the moment of grace would not last. 392 00:36:11,280 --> 00:36:14,320 Two weeks later, the Arab Spring began. 393 00:36:14,320 --> 00:36:18,160 Very, very fast, the winds of revolt sweeping through the Middle East 394 00:36:18,160 --> 00:36:21,360 were used to settle scores between the monarchies of the Gulf. 395 00:36:25,000 --> 00:36:29,160 This has come after a decade of the early 2000s 396 00:36:29,160 --> 00:36:31,320 of Qatar going from victory to victory 397 00:36:31,320 --> 00:36:34,680 in terms of influence, soft power, potentially even hard power. 398 00:36:34,680 --> 00:36:37,560 It's achievable with the financial power that Qatar had, 399 00:36:37,560 --> 00:36:39,640 with the networks that Qatar developed, 400 00:36:39,640 --> 00:36:43,000 and also, you know, a bit of hubris of thinking, you know, 401 00:36:43,000 --> 00:36:43,520 and also, you know, a bit of hubris of thinking, you know, 402 00:36:43,520 --> 00:36:46,200 "We can...whatever we start, we will finish 403 00:36:46,200 --> 00:36:47,640 "and we will do so successfully." 404 00:36:47,640 --> 00:36:50,000 (PROTESTERS SHOUT) 405 00:36:50,000 --> 00:36:51,920 In late December 2010, 406 00:36:51,920 --> 00:36:56,240 Tunisian protesters demanded the resignation of the dictator Ben Ali. 407 00:37:00,920 --> 00:37:02,400 In the weeks that followed, 408 00:37:02,400 --> 00:37:04,800 rebellion spread from Tunisia 409 00:37:04,800 --> 00:37:06,400 to Egypt, 410 00:37:06,400 --> 00:37:07,680 Libya, 411 00:37:07,680 --> 00:37:08,960 Syria, 412 00:37:08,960 --> 00:37:10,960 Yemen, 413 00:37:10,960 --> 00:37:14,240 and even Qatar's small emirate neighbour, Bahrain. 414 00:37:20,400 --> 00:37:24,200 For a few days, the Qatari monarchy held its breath. 415 00:37:25,520 --> 00:37:30,360 As a caution, the authorities raised the salaries of civil servants. 416 00:37:30,360 --> 00:37:33,400 As the country bans all form of political opposition, 417 00:37:33,400 --> 00:37:35,240 nobody knew what might happen. 418 00:37:36,520 --> 00:37:38,360 COURTNEY FREER: So, I was here during the Arab Spring 419 00:37:38,360 --> 00:37:40,760 and I remember every day watching Al Jazeera 420 00:37:40,760 --> 00:37:43,560 to see what would happen next in Tunis and in Cairo. 421 00:37:43,560 --> 00:37:46,280 And the question was really 422 00:37:46,280 --> 00:37:48,200 whether there would be protests here. 423 00:37:48,200 --> 00:37:51,520 And I remember there was one Facebook page 424 00:37:51,520 --> 00:37:53,160 saying there would be a protest 425 00:37:53,160 --> 00:37:54,840 because it seemed, you know, like protests 426 00:37:54,840 --> 00:37:58,600 were just everywhere in the region and would erupt everywhere. 427 00:37:58,600 --> 00:38:00,800 And I remember a friend and I went there 428 00:38:00,800 --> 00:38:02,640 to where this protest was meant to happen 429 00:38:02,640 --> 00:38:04,000 and no-one was there. 430 00:38:04,000 --> 00:38:05,040 (LAUGHS) 431 00:38:28,400 --> 00:38:32,480 Reassured at home and convinced it was an enlightened monarchy, 432 00:38:32,480 --> 00:38:34,560 the royal family seized on the occasion 433 00:38:34,560 --> 00:38:37,600 to shake up the authoritarian regimes of the Arab world. 434 00:38:38,680 --> 00:38:40,640 Qatar wanted to be a history maker 435 00:38:40,640 --> 00:38:43,040 and decided to support the Muslim Brothers. 436 00:38:45,200 --> 00:38:48,680 This Islamist movement, conservative but nonviolent, 437 00:38:48,680 --> 00:38:51,480 is the best-organised party in the Middle East 438 00:38:51,480 --> 00:38:54,040 and often a winner in the region's elections. 439 00:38:57,280 --> 00:38:59,600 (PROTESTERS SHOUT) 440 00:39:00,640 --> 00:39:04,040 In opposition to Qatar, Saudi Arabia and its allies 441 00:39:04,040 --> 00:39:07,400 supported the return of military rule whenever possible. 442 00:39:07,400 --> 00:39:09,920 Egypt soon became the main battlefield. 443 00:39:16,920 --> 00:39:21,360 In 2012, the Muslim Brother, Mohamed Morsi, backed by Qatar, 444 00:39:21,360 --> 00:39:23,560 won Egypt's first free election. 445 00:39:26,600 --> 00:39:28,760 One year later, the Egyptian army, 446 00:39:28,760 --> 00:39:32,360 financed by Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, 447 00:39:32,360 --> 00:39:34,320 retook power with a coup d'etat. 448 00:39:36,280 --> 00:39:39,080 The West, terrified of rising Islamism, 449 00:39:39,080 --> 00:39:40,800 merely stood by and watched. 450 00:39:43,120 --> 00:39:46,720 Qatar found itself totally isolated on the world stage. 451 00:39:49,480 --> 00:39:51,600 Seeing how the counterrevolutionaries, 452 00:39:51,600 --> 00:39:54,320 and particularly...in particular the United Arab Emirates, 453 00:39:54,320 --> 00:39:56,360 were able to kind of push back 454 00:39:56,360 --> 00:39:58,840 and reverse some of the achievements of the Arab Spring 455 00:39:58,840 --> 00:40:01,520 and Qatar being unable to do anything against it. 456 00:40:01,520 --> 00:40:05,840 And since then, the Qataris realised in 2013, summer 2013, 457 00:40:05,840 --> 00:40:09,840 that their policy in the Arab Spring was failing, or had failed. 458 00:40:09,840 --> 00:40:13,160 Between 2011 and 2013, 459 00:40:13,160 --> 00:40:16,800 the Syrian and Libyan revolutions evolved into civil wars. 460 00:40:16,800 --> 00:40:19,440 In the two countries, Qatar lost control 461 00:40:19,440 --> 00:40:21,480 of the movements it had armed and financed, 462 00:40:21,480 --> 00:40:24,040 and Islamist groups became increasingly radical 463 00:40:24,040 --> 00:40:25,680 as the wars wore on. 464 00:40:28,040 --> 00:40:31,560 The episode fed accusations of financing terrorism, 465 00:40:31,560 --> 00:40:35,240 and this argument would be used for years against the Al Thani family. 466 00:40:46,000 --> 00:40:50,560 Did this international tension contribute to the emir's diabetes? 467 00:40:50,560 --> 00:40:54,400 Or was his illness a pretext for an honourable way out? 468 00:40:57,280 --> 00:41:00,760 On June 25, 2013, Hamad abdicated 469 00:41:00,760 --> 00:41:03,600 in favour of Tamim, his fourth son 470 00:41:03,600 --> 00:41:05,200 of the 24 children he'd had 471 00:41:05,200 --> 00:41:06,800 with his three wives. 472 00:41:10,080 --> 00:41:12,240 He came to power in an unusual way 473 00:41:12,240 --> 00:41:14,520 and he stepped down in an unusual way. 474 00:41:14,520 --> 00:41:19,040 So I think he had in his mind things that he wanted to achieve 475 00:41:19,040 --> 00:41:21,600 and once he achieved it, he was happy to transfer 476 00:41:21,600 --> 00:41:24,240 to the future...the next generation, which is my brother. 477 00:41:24,240 --> 00:41:26,400 (CAMERAS CLICK) 478 00:41:26,400 --> 00:41:28,920 COURTNEY FREER: It was a really surprising decision 479 00:41:28,920 --> 00:41:31,400 because this is... in this part of the world, 480 00:41:31,400 --> 00:41:35,080 I mean, mostly power is passed, you know, after the emir dies. 481 00:41:35,080 --> 00:41:38,760 He wanted Qatar to have somewhat a fresh start under his son. 482 00:41:38,760 --> 00:41:41,080 (CHEERING, APPLAUSE) 483 00:41:42,240 --> 00:41:43,000 Tamim was not first in line to the throne. 484 00:41:43,000 --> 00:41:45,240 Tamim was not first in line to the throne. 485 00:41:45,240 --> 00:41:49,160 But he was a graduate of the same military academy as his father 486 00:41:49,160 --> 00:41:53,120 and had proven his worth with success in Qatar's sporting diplomacy, 487 00:41:53,120 --> 00:41:55,520 notably the purchase of Paris Saint-Germain. 488 00:41:56,960 --> 00:41:59,280 With his ideal son-in-law smile, 489 00:41:59,280 --> 00:42:01,280 his fluency in foreign languages 490 00:42:01,280 --> 00:42:03,120 and his very thick chequebook, 491 00:42:03,120 --> 00:42:05,720 he soon won over his Western partners. 492 00:42:41,160 --> 00:42:43,440 So Sheikh Tamim, I think when he came to power, 493 00:42:43,440 --> 00:42:48,240 the words that everyone said were that he was a technocrat. 494 00:42:48,240 --> 00:42:52,000 His first speech really focused a lot on domestic issues. 495 00:43:13,680 --> 00:43:16,640 His first task was to make the World Cup a success. 496 00:43:18,200 --> 00:43:23,320 Doha became a vast construction site, fuelled by delusions of grandeur. 497 00:43:24,840 --> 00:43:27,840 On the outskirts of the capital, new towns sprang up 498 00:43:27,840 --> 00:43:29,880 to host the teams and their fans. 499 00:43:33,960 --> 00:43:36,840 The emirate has invested $200 billion - 500 00:43:36,840 --> 00:43:41,920 that's 150 times more than for recent World Cups in France and Germany. 501 00:43:43,080 --> 00:43:46,000 Six brand-new stadiums have been inaugurated, 502 00:43:46,000 --> 00:43:50,680 like this immense Bedouin tent, which can seat 60,000 spectators. 503 00:43:53,720 --> 00:43:56,160 After the awarding of the event to Qatar, 504 00:43:56,160 --> 00:43:59,960 the searing summer temperatures became a heated topic of debate. 505 00:44:01,360 --> 00:44:03,200 Images of labourers toiling away 506 00:44:03,200 --> 00:44:05,480 in scorching sunlight for hours on end 507 00:44:05,480 --> 00:44:07,360 spread across the world. 508 00:44:07,360 --> 00:44:08,760 To obtain reforms, 509 00:44:08,760 --> 00:44:12,040 human rights defence groups, and even certain soccer players, 510 00:44:12,040 --> 00:44:14,640 began calling for a boycott of the World Cup. 511 00:44:17,160 --> 00:44:19,160 The emirate's response to criticism 512 00:44:19,160 --> 00:44:21,480 was to organise visits for journalists 513 00:44:21,480 --> 00:44:23,200 to model labourers' camps. 514 00:44:24,520 --> 00:44:28,680 For my opinion, this is the best camp in Qatar. 515 00:44:28,680 --> 00:44:31,160 The location-wise, cleaning, everything, 516 00:44:31,160 --> 00:44:33,320 very good maintenance here. 517 00:44:33,320 --> 00:44:37,200 So I am very happy and very satisfied for this management. 518 00:44:38,480 --> 00:44:39,960 There is the toilet. 519 00:44:41,480 --> 00:44:43,400 MAN: You pay for housing, or...? 520 00:44:43,400 --> 00:44:45,480 No, no, no, no. Our company. 521 00:44:45,480 --> 00:44:47,880 Our company paying everything. 522 00:44:47,880 --> 00:44:51,000 Meals, accommodation, fooding, 523 00:44:51,000 --> 00:44:54,240 transportation, laundry, everything. 524 00:44:58,320 --> 00:45:01,120 To silence accusations of mistreatment, 525 00:45:01,120 --> 00:45:05,040 the Qatari authorities even constructed a wall of gratitude - 526 00:45:05,040 --> 00:45:08,800 this mosaic made up of photos of each employee who contributed 527 00:45:08,800 --> 00:45:12,200 to the construction of the stadium where the final will be held. 528 00:45:41,840 --> 00:45:45,520 Since 2010, a war of figures has been ongoing 529 00:45:45,520 --> 00:45:49,680 between the Qatari government and the international NGOs. 530 00:45:49,680 --> 00:45:53,400 In the emirate, there are no trade unions or right to strike. 531 00:45:57,120 --> 00:45:59,920 During this decade of large-scale construction, 532 00:45:59,920 --> 00:46:03,960 no independent organisation has been able to defend the workers' rights 533 00:46:03,960 --> 00:46:06,320 or officially record the number of deaths. 534 00:46:09,680 --> 00:46:13,400 The only figures available are those from the Qatari authorities, 535 00:46:13,400 --> 00:46:15,200 from their statistics agency 536 00:46:15,200 --> 00:46:17,520 and the World Cup Organizing Committee. 537 00:46:20,520 --> 00:46:23,560 Qatar do publish the data and, according to their data, 538 00:46:23,560 --> 00:46:25,480 there are over 15,000 migrant workers 539 00:46:25,480 --> 00:46:28,000 who died in Qatar in the past 10 years. 540 00:46:28,000 --> 00:46:31,640 But they died from all range of...all range of causes. 541 00:46:31,640 --> 00:46:35,240 The data available does not give you the real reason. 542 00:46:39,280 --> 00:46:42,560 Fatma Al Nuaimi is the Qatari government's spokesperson 543 00:46:42,560 --> 00:46:43,000 for everything concerning the World Cup. 544 00:46:43,000 --> 00:46:45,240 for everything concerning the World Cup. 545 00:46:45,240 --> 00:46:47,720 It's, like, here, or it's showing...? 546 00:46:47,720 --> 00:46:48,800 So I know. 547 00:46:48,800 --> 00:46:50,320 (MAN SPEAKS INDISTINCTLY) OK. 548 00:46:51,760 --> 00:46:53,240 It's not only workers. 549 00:46:53,240 --> 00:46:55,000 I mean, like this number is actually include 550 00:46:55,000 --> 00:46:57,760 all of different professions. 551 00:46:57,760 --> 00:47:03,000 You might find, like, kids or, like, let's say doctors, teachers. 552 00:47:03,000 --> 00:47:08,560 And so, when you see, like, this number over the... 553 00:47:09,600 --> 00:47:11,640 ..period of 10 years, 554 00:47:11,640 --> 00:47:15,600 so, it has been taken out of context. 555 00:47:20,440 --> 00:47:22,560 Fatma and her team only count the deaths 556 00:47:22,560 --> 00:47:25,920 on the stadium worksites overseen by the organising committee. 557 00:47:28,360 --> 00:47:30,000 At the peak of construction 558 00:47:30,000 --> 00:47:33,880 this only represented 1% to 2% of all workers employed. 559 00:47:37,400 --> 00:47:44,240 For us, when it comes to fatality that we have in our project, um... 560 00:47:44,240 --> 00:47:49,280 Unfortunately, we had three deaths in our project 561 00:47:49,280 --> 00:47:51,040 that is work related 562 00:47:51,040 --> 00:47:54,480 and we have 36... 563 00:47:54,480 --> 00:47:56,600 Sorry. 36 or 37? 564 00:47:58,760 --> 00:48:02,680 But this is for the non-work...non-work... 565 00:48:02,680 --> 00:48:04,680 What is non-work-related? 566 00:48:04,680 --> 00:48:06,640 Non-work related means people, like, actually 567 00:48:06,640 --> 00:48:10,680 maybe they were at their homes, or they're... 568 00:48:10,680 --> 00:48:13,000 ..outside...it's outside their work. 569 00:48:13,000 --> 00:48:15,120 It wasn't... They were not working on the project. 570 00:48:15,120 --> 00:48:19,600 If you look at these deaths, half of them are young men 571 00:48:19,600 --> 00:48:22,920 who died from either cardiac arrest or natural death 572 00:48:22,920 --> 00:48:24,200 or respiratory failure, 573 00:48:24,200 --> 00:48:26,320 which are not cause of death - 574 00:48:26,320 --> 00:48:28,600 there must be an underlying cause of death. 575 00:48:29,920 --> 00:48:33,720 Sunstroke, dehydration, exhaustion. 576 00:48:33,720 --> 00:48:37,280 Many men in their prime even died of heart failure in their sleep. 577 00:48:43,280 --> 00:48:46,160 The exact number will never be known. 578 00:48:46,160 --> 00:48:48,480 Perhaps 37 for the stadiums. 579 00:48:48,480 --> 00:48:52,640 Without doubt, thousands when you count every worksite in Qatar. 580 00:48:56,560 --> 00:48:59,200 To discover the living conditions of the labourers, 581 00:48:59,200 --> 00:49:02,160 we must head to the outskirts of the capital at nightfall. 582 00:49:03,760 --> 00:49:06,080 It is in these buildings on the edge of the desert 583 00:49:06,080 --> 00:49:08,120 that most of the foreign workers live. 584 00:49:13,520 --> 00:49:16,680 They're not employed by the World Cup Organizing Committee, 585 00:49:16,680 --> 00:49:20,880 but by private highway, hotel and shopping mall construction companies. 586 00:49:22,280 --> 00:49:24,040 And all of them have stories to tell 587 00:49:24,040 --> 00:49:26,640 of coworkers who have fallen on the work site. 588 00:49:30,000 --> 00:49:33,840 This Nepalese worker has agreed to testify with his face revealed 589 00:49:33,840 --> 00:49:37,240 as long as we don't give his name or that of his employer. 590 00:49:37,240 --> 00:49:38,800 His story illustrates the fate 591 00:49:38,800 --> 00:49:41,400 of hundreds of thousands of nameless forced laborers. 592 00:51:05,720 --> 00:51:08,080 In this apartment, without air conditioning, 593 00:51:08,080 --> 00:51:10,560 40 men cram in and share the rent. 594 00:51:40,640 --> 00:51:43,000 The exploitation of these men earns good money for Qatari companies, 595 00:51:43,000 --> 00:51:44,480 The exploitation of these men earns good money for Qatari companies, 596 00:51:44,480 --> 00:51:46,440 but also for foreign middlemen, 597 00:51:46,440 --> 00:51:48,840 often from the same countries as the workers. 598 00:51:52,480 --> 00:51:55,240 So, the argument sometimes used is that these are the employers. 599 00:51:55,240 --> 00:51:57,160 So, these are not the Qatari government. 600 00:51:57,160 --> 00:51:59,000 "These are not our problem." 601 00:51:59,000 --> 00:52:02,240 But I think the issue is that the government allowed 602 00:52:02,240 --> 00:52:04,920 this culture of impunity to take place. 603 00:52:07,440 --> 00:52:09,920 Under pressure from the international community, 604 00:52:09,920 --> 00:52:12,400 Qatar announced reforms - 605 00:52:12,400 --> 00:52:15,960 the introduction of a minimum wage of $250 606 00:52:15,960 --> 00:52:20,320 and the opening of an ILO - International Labour Organization. 607 00:52:20,320 --> 00:52:23,720 And in 2020, the authorities abolished kafala - 608 00:52:23,720 --> 00:52:26,520 compulsory sponsorship for foreign workers. 609 00:52:26,520 --> 00:52:29,040 But in reality, these laws have come late 610 00:52:29,040 --> 00:52:30,960 and are rarely applied. 611 00:52:30,960 --> 00:52:32,840 The problem is that...we are finding 612 00:52:32,840 --> 00:52:36,200 is that the reality is not matching these promises. 613 00:52:36,200 --> 00:52:41,040 The progress hasn't been as promising as the laws itselves 614 00:52:41,040 --> 00:52:45,480 and their implementation was weak and fragmented. 615 00:52:45,480 --> 00:52:47,800 But also, I mean, like if you look at the rest of the world, 616 00:52:47,800 --> 00:52:51,560 there is no country that have a perfect labour system. 617 00:52:51,560 --> 00:52:53,760 So, if you see Qatar and what we have developed 618 00:52:53,760 --> 00:52:57,160 or what we have actually progressed across the 10 years, 619 00:52:57,160 --> 00:52:58,520 it is a lot. 620 00:52:58,520 --> 00:52:59,960 No country is perfect. 621 00:52:59,960 --> 00:53:01,920 There's a lot of work to be done yet, 622 00:53:01,920 --> 00:53:03,960 but I think progress takes time 623 00:53:03,960 --> 00:53:06,560 and it takes time for somebody to experience it. 624 00:53:09,800 --> 00:53:12,240 In the end, none of the qualified teams 625 00:53:12,240 --> 00:53:15,320 have announced their intention to boycott the World Cup, 626 00:53:15,320 --> 00:53:18,880 which is already a form of success for the Qatari monarchy. 627 00:53:19,920 --> 00:53:22,000 The emirate's gas reserves are estimated 628 00:53:22,000 --> 00:53:24,240 to last for another 100 years. 629 00:53:24,240 --> 00:53:26,960 For the Al Thani dynasty, it's a guarantee 630 00:53:26,960 --> 00:53:29,320 of remaining at the centre of world diplomacy 631 00:53:29,320 --> 00:53:30,840 for a long time to come. 632 00:53:34,040 --> 00:53:36,920 Captions by Red Bee Media (c) SBS Australia 2022 633 00:53:37,305 --> 00:54:37,172 Support us and become VIP member to remove all ads from www.OpenSubtitles.org