"Connections with James Burke" The End of Scarcity

1 00:00:00,125 --> 00:00:05,125 Enjoy! 2 00:00:05,622 --> 00:00:06,455 In the next 20 years, 3 00:00:06,455 --> 00:00:08,550 we're about to see what may turn out to be 4 00:00:08,550 --> 00:00:11,913 the biggest changes to the way we live in human history. 5 00:00:19,890 --> 00:00:21,480 I'm James Burke, 6 00:00:21,480 --> 00:00:23,601 and I'm gonna take you on a journey 7 00:00:23,601 --> 00:00:26,790 through time joining up the dots in about 10 connections, 8 00:00:26,790 --> 00:00:28,080 charting the people, 9 00:00:28,080 --> 00:00:30,960 objects and ideas that change history 10 00:00:30,960 --> 00:00:32,530 in the most surprising ways 11 00:00:37,115 --> 00:00:39,653 to tell you the incredible story of how we got here, 12 00:00:41,892 --> 00:00:43,242 and where we're going next. 13 00:00:47,760 --> 00:00:51,180 This series is about the process of change 14 00:00:51,180 --> 00:00:52,930 and why the future is being shaped 15 00:00:53,803 --> 00:00:56,430 by everything we do and is not going to be 16 00:00:56,430 --> 00:00:57,303 what we expect, 17 00:00:59,399 --> 00:01:00,870 because that's the way change happens. 18 00:01:00,870 --> 00:01:03,270 Cause and effect, 19 00:01:03,270 --> 00:01:05,730 you innovate to solve a problem, 20 00:01:05,730 --> 00:01:07,470 and even if you succeed, 21 00:01:07,470 --> 00:01:09,300 there's always an unexpected outcome 22 00:01:09,300 --> 00:01:12,993 that triggers the need for another innovation and so on. 23 00:01:14,940 --> 00:01:16,680 That's why nobody in the past knew 24 00:01:16,680 --> 00:01:20,656 what was coming next, nor you. 25 00:01:22,815 --> 00:01:24,330 The sequence of connections leads like 26 00:01:24,330 --> 00:01:26,940 a falling set of dominoes to an innovation 27 00:01:26,940 --> 00:01:29,073 that's set to transform humankind. 28 00:01:30,720 --> 00:01:32,610 So, where do we want to go from here? 29 00:01:32,610 --> 00:01:34,553 What's the next connection? 30 00:01:36,000 --> 00:01:42,074 Support us and become VIP member to remove all ads from www.OpenSubtitles.org 31 00:01:50,190 --> 00:01:52,273 So, this is where we are heading, 32 00:01:54,727 --> 00:01:57,660 a machine that can fabricate absolutely 33 00:01:57,660 --> 00:02:00,630 anything you might want assembling things 34 00:02:00,630 --> 00:02:03,870 molecule by molecule at the atomic level, 35 00:02:03,870 --> 00:02:08,820 an apple, clothes, gold bar, works of art. 36 00:02:08,820 --> 00:02:11,853 You name it, it's yours and it's free. 37 00:02:12,750 --> 00:02:16,080 It's coming, and our journey towards this future is 38 00:02:16,080 --> 00:02:17,230 already well on the way 39 00:02:18,284 --> 00:02:21,111 and has been going for the last 200 years. 40 00:02:21,111 --> 00:02:23,813 And it all starts with Louis the 14th's wig. 41 00:02:26,870 --> 00:02:28,650 In 17th century France. 42 00:02:28,650 --> 00:02:32,010 Anyone who is anyone is wearing one. 43 00:02:32,010 --> 00:02:35,007 The reason for this hairpiece craze? Syphilis. 44 00:02:37,428 --> 00:02:41,100 You see, the court of French King Louis the 14th is 45 00:02:41,100 --> 00:02:43,620 a hotbed of infidelity and scandal, 46 00:02:43,620 --> 00:02:46,413 and as a consequence it's full of syphilis. 47 00:02:47,382 --> 00:02:50,910 Once in the body, syphilis attacks first the skin. 48 00:02:50,910 --> 00:02:53,160 You get boils and lumps and blotches 49 00:02:53,160 --> 00:02:57,167 and general disfigurement like loss of nose. 50 00:02:57,167 --> 00:03:01,230 You could go blind, and you go bald. 51 00:03:01,230 --> 00:03:03,600 Your hair falls out by the handful, 52 00:03:03,600 --> 00:03:05,450 and your scalp looks pretty dreadful. 53 00:03:06,480 --> 00:03:08,520 A democratic disease, no doubt. 54 00:03:08,520 --> 00:03:13,260 It hits everybody, men and women from lowest to highest. 55 00:03:13,260 --> 00:03:16,170 To hide it and to follow their fashionable king, 56 00:03:16,170 --> 00:03:17,943 the rich all wear wigs. 57 00:03:19,680 --> 00:03:22,740 It's the start of wig mania. 58 00:03:22,740 --> 00:03:24,540 Now, nobody's foolish enough to say 59 00:03:24,540 --> 00:03:26,490 Louie himself has syphilis 60 00:03:26,490 --> 00:03:28,470 and historians don't know for sure, 61 00:03:28,470 --> 00:03:32,520 but he is going bald and he ends up owning hundreds of wigs, 62 00:03:32,520 --> 00:03:35,733 one for every conceivable occasion and then some. 63 00:03:41,436 --> 00:03:42,953 Mind you, wigs aren't for the poor. 64 00:03:43,829 --> 00:03:45,000 You need a special room just to keep them in, 65 00:03:45,000 --> 00:03:47,940 and an expert to dress them ready to be worn. 66 00:03:47,940 --> 00:03:51,147 And that's when we start saying, "hairdresser." 67 00:03:54,540 --> 00:03:57,873 So, the wig dressing, first greasing, 68 00:03:58,770 --> 00:04:01,080 then curling and shaping, 69 00:04:01,080 --> 00:04:05,040 then powdering with wheat flour or plaster of Paris, 70 00:04:05,040 --> 00:04:06,990 sometimes weighing two pounds, 71 00:04:06,990 --> 00:04:10,440 then scenting the wig with orange or lavender. 72 00:04:10,440 --> 00:04:13,200 And all of that, of course, after combing out the lice, 73 00:04:13,200 --> 00:04:14,760 if you've already worn it before 74 00:04:14,760 --> 00:04:17,610 or just boiling the wig. 75 00:04:17,610 --> 00:04:20,283 And for all this of course you need a wig maker. 76 00:04:21,750 --> 00:04:23,913 In Louis' case you hire 48 of them. 77 00:04:27,540 --> 00:04:29,490 Some wigs cost the equivalent 78 00:04:29,490 --> 00:04:30,930 of a working man's annual salary. 79 00:04:30,930 --> 00:04:35,160 So, a wig becomes a sign of wealth and status. 80 00:04:35,160 --> 00:04:37,380 And the bigger the wig, the more expensive. 81 00:04:37,380 --> 00:04:41,643 So people with a lot of money become known as big wigs. 82 00:04:42,780 --> 00:04:44,610 To fund his royal lifestyle, 83 00:04:44,610 --> 00:04:47,310 Louis the 14th expands his colonial reach 84 00:04:47,310 --> 00:04:49,260 into Africa, Asia, and the Americas 85 00:04:49,260 --> 00:04:52,328 and gets himself into a series of wars 86 00:04:52,328 --> 00:04:55,653 with countries running empires Louie want his hands on. 87 00:04:56,736 --> 00:05:01,320 You could call it the battle of the big wigs in one sense. 88 00:05:01,320 --> 00:05:04,560 One of the countries France goes to war with is Britain, 89 00:05:04,560 --> 00:05:07,020 and their naval fleet commander wears 90 00:05:07,020 --> 00:05:09,780 one of the biggest wigs ever seen. 91 00:05:09,780 --> 00:05:14,050 It sits on the head of big wig Sir Cloudesley Shovell. 92 00:05:14,910 --> 00:05:16,770 Here he is looking comfortable 93 00:05:16,770 --> 00:05:19,450 in Westminster Abbey wearing his magnificent thatch 94 00:05:21,090 --> 00:05:22,608 and rightly so. 95 00:05:24,795 --> 00:05:28,140 Shovell's life is a classic story of rags to riches. 96 00:05:28,140 --> 00:05:31,050 He starts a naval career at 13 97 00:05:31,050 --> 00:05:35,730 as a cabin boy and ends up as admiral of the British Navy, 98 00:05:35,730 --> 00:05:37,330 and one of the country's heroes. 99 00:05:38,670 --> 00:05:41,287 He belts up and down the west coast of Europe 100 00:05:43,230 --> 00:05:46,960 and the Mediterranean around the Caribbean 101 00:05:49,530 --> 00:05:52,620 bombarding ports, towns and castles 102 00:05:52,620 --> 00:05:56,040 and sinking large numbers of enemy French ships, 103 00:05:56,040 --> 00:05:59,880 fending off the threat from Louis the 14th's forces. 104 00:05:59,880 --> 00:06:01,740 And according to his sailors being 105 00:06:01,740 --> 00:06:03,490 a really nice guy at the same time. 106 00:06:04,520 --> 00:06:06,187 Hooray! 107 00:06:07,613 --> 00:06:10,035 Shovell and captains like him manage 108 00:06:10,035 --> 00:06:12,450 these feats of daring do using 109 00:06:12,450 --> 00:06:15,120 only the simplest navigational techniques, 110 00:06:15,120 --> 00:06:18,060 a finger in the wind, a basic compass, 111 00:06:18,060 --> 00:06:20,160 and a few other primitive bits and pieces, 112 00:06:21,655 --> 00:06:25,290 including a long wooden pole for measuring star positions. 113 00:06:25,290 --> 00:06:26,940 Not much good on a stormy night 114 00:06:26,940 --> 00:06:31,470 with clouds getting in way like the night in 1707 115 00:06:31,470 --> 00:06:33,470 when Shovell is heading back from a raid 116 00:06:34,478 --> 00:06:36,240 on Louis XIV's forces in Toulon 117 00:06:36,240 --> 00:06:39,330 up into what he thinks is the English channel 118 00:06:39,330 --> 00:06:42,330 in the dark and in heavy rain leading 119 00:06:42,330 --> 00:06:44,493 a large flotilla of the British Navy. 120 00:06:49,118 --> 00:06:50,848 At around about eight in the evening, 121 00:06:50,848 --> 00:06:52,773 he decides to turn left. 122 00:06:55,556 --> 00:06:59,160 Oops, he hits rocks 30 miles off the British coast, 123 00:06:59,160 --> 00:07:03,989 and four of his 21 ship fleet sink. 124 00:07:03,989 --> 00:07:05,820 With the loss of over 1300 lives 125 00:07:05,820 --> 00:07:06,843 and Shovell's own. 126 00:07:10,350 --> 00:07:12,180 Shock horror all round, 127 00:07:12,180 --> 00:07:14,190 only the biggest British maritime loss 128 00:07:14,190 --> 00:07:15,543 in history at that time. 129 00:07:16,620 --> 00:07:19,800 And, given the speed with which parliament usually moves, 130 00:07:19,800 --> 00:07:22,803 it's only a lightning seven years later that they act. 131 00:07:24,420 --> 00:07:28,170 To stop ships like Shovell's hitting rocks by mistake, 132 00:07:28,170 --> 00:07:30,180 they announce a competition offering 133 00:07:30,180 --> 00:07:32,677 a reward for anybody who can come up 134 00:07:32,677 --> 00:07:35,523 with a way to pinpoint a ship's location out at sea. 135 00:07:36,990 --> 00:07:40,440 If you can get your position right to within 30 miles, 136 00:07:40,440 --> 00:07:44,493 the prize is 20,000 pounds, an absolute fortune back then. 137 00:07:47,400 --> 00:07:50,070 The navigation competition gets a clock maker called 138 00:07:50,070 --> 00:07:52,440 John Harrison interested. 139 00:07:52,440 --> 00:07:55,530 And the reason a clock maker is after the prize has to do 140 00:07:55,530 --> 00:07:57,750 with what longitude is. 141 00:07:57,750 --> 00:08:00,453 So, for you non-sailors, longitude. 142 00:08:02,460 --> 00:08:07,020 The earth turns 360 degrees in 24 hours. 143 00:08:07,020 --> 00:08:11,430 The circumference of the earth is just under 25,000 miles. 144 00:08:11,430 --> 00:08:16,430 So, in one hour, the earth turns 1037 miles. 145 00:08:17,400 --> 00:08:20,790 And say, back home, some heavenly body usually pops up 146 00:08:20,790 --> 00:08:23,460 over the horizon every night at 10:00 PM. 147 00:08:23,460 --> 00:08:27,000 If on your ship it pops up at 11:00 PM, 148 00:08:27,000 --> 00:08:30,990 then home has to be 1037 miles of earth turn 149 00:08:30,990 --> 00:08:32,523 from where you are, right? 150 00:08:35,040 --> 00:08:37,260 So, what you need to work out longitude, 151 00:08:37,260 --> 00:08:39,690 anywhere on the planet is something to tell you 152 00:08:39,690 --> 00:08:42,273 exactly what time it is back at home. 153 00:08:45,630 --> 00:08:49,170 Now, I can see you thinking why is this such a big deal? 154 00:08:49,170 --> 00:08:52,080 Clocks have been around for ages before then. 155 00:08:52,080 --> 00:08:53,850 There are pendulum clocks, 156 00:08:53,850 --> 00:08:56,490 but on a ship moving up and down and side to side 157 00:08:56,490 --> 00:08:59,973 with the sea, a pendulum clock is just no good. 158 00:09:03,365 --> 00:09:05,880 Or, there are clocks working on springs, 159 00:09:05,880 --> 00:09:08,910 but they need a constant temperature to stay accurate. 160 00:09:08,910 --> 00:09:10,980 No good if you're on a long distance voyage 161 00:09:10,980 --> 00:09:12,603 through different climate zones. 162 00:09:14,700 --> 00:09:17,364 Bear in mind that we're heading 163 00:09:17,364 --> 00:09:19,103 for a machine that can fabricate anything. 164 00:09:21,000 --> 00:09:24,000 And here we have another one of those marvelous innovations 165 00:09:24,000 --> 00:09:26,040 that makes history such a good yarn, 166 00:09:26,040 --> 00:09:29,550 because never had such a tiny invention had 167 00:09:29,550 --> 00:09:31,814 such huge consequences. 168 00:09:34,170 --> 00:09:37,800 John Harrison modifies the spring that powers his clock, 169 00:09:37,800 --> 00:09:41,340 fitting it with a tiny brass and steel slider 170 00:09:41,340 --> 00:09:43,080 that compensates for any expansion 171 00:09:43,080 --> 00:09:44,970 or contraction of the spring 172 00:09:44,970 --> 00:09:46,800 due to temperature changes on route 173 00:09:46,800 --> 00:09:48,960 that might affect the accuracy. 174 00:09:48,960 --> 00:09:49,793 Clever stuff. 175 00:09:51,840 --> 00:09:55,410 In 1785, his new marine chronometer sets off 176 00:09:55,410 --> 00:09:57,660 on the 81 day test voyage, 177 00:09:57,660 --> 00:10:00,630 keeps perfect time and allows the captain to put 178 00:10:00,630 --> 00:10:02,730 the ship within a nautical mile 179 00:10:02,730 --> 00:10:04,860 of where it's supposed to be. 180 00:10:04,860 --> 00:10:06,990 Harrison wins the big prize, 181 00:10:06,990 --> 00:10:09,290 though it takes him 10 years to get the money. 182 00:10:10,320 --> 00:10:12,810 And his new chronometer is a total game changer, 183 00:10:12,810 --> 00:10:15,720 because it opens up the East West Trade Routes 184 00:10:15,720 --> 00:10:17,640 for cargo ships carrying stuff 185 00:10:17,640 --> 00:10:21,030 that's going to make you money when they get to port. 186 00:10:21,030 --> 00:10:23,610 Now, they're gonna do that every time, 187 00:10:23,610 --> 00:10:26,427 hence the phrase, "when my ship comes in." 188 00:10:33,843 --> 00:10:36,690 That simple clock changes the world. 189 00:10:36,690 --> 00:10:39,660 Now, thanks to imports of exotic spices, 190 00:10:39,660 --> 00:10:41,730 ordinary people can season their food 191 00:10:41,730 --> 00:10:43,980 with pepper or curry powder. 192 00:10:43,980 --> 00:10:47,673 You no longer have to be super rich to eat oranges 193 00:10:47,673 --> 00:10:48,506 or pineapples. 194 00:10:48,506 --> 00:10:50,883 Trade becomes a social leveler, 195 00:10:51,870 --> 00:10:54,772 but on our journey towards a future machine 196 00:10:54,772 --> 00:10:55,605 that can make anything, 197 00:10:55,605 --> 00:10:58,890 one particular type of import is about to make a big impact. 198 00:10:58,890 --> 00:11:02,512 The raw material to make textiles, cotton. 199 00:11:08,160 --> 00:11:11,550 England imported its cotton from plantations in India. 200 00:11:11,550 --> 00:11:14,010 Thanks to the explosion in merchant shipping, 201 00:11:14,010 --> 00:11:16,413 it arrives in England in huge amounts. 202 00:11:18,390 --> 00:11:20,890 To go to English cities like Bolton 203 00:11:20,890 --> 00:11:24,210 where it is hand spun and manually woven 204 00:11:24,210 --> 00:11:27,030 into fabric by individual weavers working 205 00:11:27,030 --> 00:11:28,203 in their own cottages. 206 00:11:30,810 --> 00:11:33,720 But, businessman Richard Arkwright is looking 207 00:11:33,720 --> 00:11:36,903 for ways to make cloth cheaper and make even more money. 208 00:11:39,210 --> 00:11:41,910 So, he comes up with a machine to make thread 209 00:11:41,910 --> 00:11:44,040 and then spin it into a yarn 210 00:11:44,040 --> 00:11:46,203 much faster than a human worker can do. 211 00:11:47,700 --> 00:11:49,383 And here's how it works. 212 00:11:52,073 --> 00:11:54,873 A water wheel turned a number of different sized rollers 213 00:11:57,154 --> 00:11:58,950 to tease out cotton from a mass, 214 00:11:58,950 --> 00:12:02,010 pull it into threads and tighten it. 215 00:12:02,010 --> 00:12:05,190 And then you run the cotton thread onto spinning bobbins 216 00:12:05,190 --> 00:12:08,253 that twist a thread into yarn for the loom. 217 00:12:11,910 --> 00:12:14,370 The first amazing thing about this trick is 218 00:12:14,370 --> 00:12:17,056 that you can line up a lot of these machines 219 00:12:17,056 --> 00:12:18,540 in a big room and make lots of yarn 220 00:12:18,540 --> 00:12:21,090 with a few unskilled people 221 00:12:21,090 --> 00:12:24,600 in a new kind of place called a textile factory, 222 00:12:24,600 --> 00:12:26,880 making a massive product in a process 223 00:12:26,880 --> 00:12:29,523 we would recognize as mass production. 224 00:12:35,280 --> 00:12:38,130 And as so often happens with unexpected connections, 225 00:12:38,130 --> 00:12:40,650 they have unintended consequences. 226 00:12:40,650 --> 00:12:42,870 Mass production by machine changes 227 00:12:42,870 --> 00:12:44,553 the entire way people live. 228 00:12:46,800 --> 00:12:49,643 Factories bring with them a total shift 229 00:12:49,643 --> 00:12:51,960 in the way people work, regular hours, 230 00:12:51,960 --> 00:12:55,293 regular wages, clocking in and out, and shift work. 231 00:12:56,880 --> 00:12:59,220 And stimulating the future changing idea 232 00:12:59,220 --> 00:13:02,032 that machines can replace people. 233 00:13:12,240 --> 00:13:14,250 Mass production textile machines are 234 00:13:14,250 --> 00:13:17,010 a giant leap forwards towards a future 235 00:13:17,010 --> 00:13:20,760 where machines can eliminate poverty and work. 236 00:13:20,760 --> 00:13:23,190 But, the unintended consequences 237 00:13:23,190 --> 00:13:25,729 of Arkwright's machine are going to do 238 00:13:25,729 --> 00:13:28,713 almost exactly the opposite and have far-reaching effects. 239 00:13:32,820 --> 00:13:34,590 Instead of a weaver working in the comfort 240 00:13:34,590 --> 00:13:38,280 of his or her cottage, maybe part of a rural village, 241 00:13:38,280 --> 00:13:40,280 people are forced to move to the cities. 242 00:13:41,340 --> 00:13:44,220 And the drive for profits comes at a cost. 243 00:13:44,220 --> 00:13:45,840 Wages are driven down, 244 00:13:45,840 --> 00:13:47,790 and people have to work longer hours 245 00:13:47,790 --> 00:13:49,953 in brutal and dangerous conditions. 246 00:13:53,370 --> 00:13:54,630 To get enough bread on the table, 247 00:13:54,630 --> 00:13:57,210 children have to contribute to family income, 248 00:13:57,210 --> 00:13:59,460 and so the workforce in these new mills 249 00:13:59,460 --> 00:14:01,053 often includes a lot of kids, 250 00:14:03,030 --> 00:14:04,533 many of them orphans. 251 00:14:05,790 --> 00:14:07,380 And with nowhere else to go, 252 00:14:07,380 --> 00:14:11,823 orphans aged between six and 15 end up in the poor house. 253 00:14:12,840 --> 00:14:15,570 Pretty dreadful places to eek out an existence. 254 00:14:15,570 --> 00:14:17,477 Think of all of Oliver Twist 255 00:14:17,477 --> 00:14:18,900 if you've seen the film or read the book. 256 00:14:18,900 --> 00:14:20,490 It sounds inhuman to us now. 257 00:14:20,490 --> 00:14:22,770 Kids like that being put out to work 258 00:14:22,770 --> 00:14:26,340 for food and a miserable bed in a packed dormitory, 259 00:14:26,340 --> 00:14:28,470 one of other youngsters like them, 260 00:14:28,470 --> 00:14:30,363 effectively bonded slavery. 261 00:14:32,190 --> 00:14:34,190 Not that any of this troubles Arkwright. 262 00:14:36,210 --> 00:14:38,580 As a result of his little yarn maker, 263 00:14:38,580 --> 00:14:41,040 Arkwright becomes, A, rich. 264 00:14:41,040 --> 00:14:43,020 He ends up living in a swanky mansion 265 00:14:43,020 --> 00:14:46,560 and making the modern equivalent of 200 million, 266 00:14:46,560 --> 00:14:49,530 and B, famous, traveling all over 267 00:14:49,530 --> 00:14:51,630 the country talking about his business 268 00:14:51,630 --> 00:14:54,843 and working with people who want his money or his ideas. 269 00:14:55,980 --> 00:14:58,380 One of these people lives in Glasgow, Scotland, 270 00:14:58,380 --> 00:15:01,470 where in 1784 Arkwright does a deal 271 00:15:01,470 --> 00:15:03,856 with an ex-weaver called David Dale. 272 00:15:05,730 --> 00:15:09,300 Dale will change the future in a big way. 273 00:15:09,300 --> 00:15:13,380 He finds the idea of the poor houses unacceptable, 274 00:15:13,380 --> 00:15:15,780 because he wants children to be treated better, 275 00:15:15,780 --> 00:15:18,270 in particular, those orphans. 276 00:15:18,270 --> 00:15:19,980 So, he bends Arkwright's ear 277 00:15:19,980 --> 00:15:22,320 about his ideas for social justice, 278 00:15:22,320 --> 00:15:25,590 and amazingly Arkwright listens. 279 00:15:25,590 --> 00:15:28,680 And between them, Dale and Arkwright introduce 280 00:15:28,680 --> 00:15:31,320 a social experiment, a textile factory 281 00:15:31,320 --> 00:15:34,323 in the nearby town of New Lanark on the River Clyde. 282 00:15:36,030 --> 00:15:38,490 And because Dale wants his new factories to be 283 00:15:38,490 --> 00:15:40,230 a force for good, 284 00:15:40,230 --> 00:15:43,953 the working conditions are, well, unheard of. 285 00:15:45,720 --> 00:15:46,620 For instance, 286 00:15:46,620 --> 00:15:48,952 the children's sleeping quarters are 287 00:15:48,952 --> 00:15:50,885 actually cleaned regularly. 288 00:15:52,020 --> 00:15:54,300 Work has to end by seven in the evening 289 00:15:54,300 --> 00:15:56,150 with breaks for breakfast and dinner. 290 00:15:57,660 --> 00:16:02,070 Everybody gets two sets of work clothes washed regularly, 291 00:16:02,070 --> 00:16:04,110 a day school for the under sixes 292 00:16:04,110 --> 00:16:06,450 and an evening school for the rest. 293 00:16:06,450 --> 00:16:09,090 Reading, writing and arithmetic plus 294 00:16:09,090 --> 00:16:12,840 sewing, music and religious studies. 295 00:16:12,840 --> 00:16:14,730 16 teachers. 296 00:16:14,730 --> 00:16:16,890 There's nothing like it in the entire country, 297 00:16:16,890 --> 00:16:20,610 and people come from everywhere to be amazed at this, 298 00:16:20,610 --> 00:16:23,403 a complete rethink of child labor. 299 00:16:28,800 --> 00:16:30,133 So, how is all this leading us to 300 00:16:30,133 --> 00:16:33,183 a future where machines can build anything imaginable? 301 00:16:35,970 --> 00:16:38,280 Syphilis leads to a fashion for bigger 302 00:16:38,280 --> 00:16:40,200 and more expensive wigs in the court 303 00:16:40,200 --> 00:16:43,380 of Louis the 14th copied by arch rival, 304 00:16:43,380 --> 00:16:44,500 Sir Cloudesley Shovell 305 00:16:45,570 --> 00:16:47,670 whose disastrous shipwreck triggers 306 00:16:47,670 --> 00:16:50,640 the longitudinal competition won by Harrison 307 00:16:50,640 --> 00:16:53,430 with his spring compensator mechanism allowing 308 00:16:53,430 --> 00:16:56,530 a boom in sea trade bringing cotton to English mills 309 00:16:57,840 --> 00:17:00,930 where Arkwright's machine triggers mass industrialization 310 00:17:00,930 --> 00:17:02,853 and all the evils that come with it. 311 00:17:04,110 --> 00:17:05,970 Countered by Dale who creates 312 00:17:05,970 --> 00:17:09,630 a factory to house a workforce treated more fairly, 313 00:17:09,630 --> 00:17:11,501 and attracts the attention 314 00:17:11,501 --> 00:17:13,680 of movers and shakers interested in how machines can make 315 00:17:13,680 --> 00:17:15,483 life better, not worse. 316 00:17:18,270 --> 00:17:22,740 Including in 1799 a left winger called Robert Owen, 317 00:17:22,740 --> 00:17:25,263 another champion of children's rights. 318 00:17:26,460 --> 00:17:29,340 A socialist 20 years before the word is coined, 319 00:17:29,340 --> 00:17:31,530 Owen and his partners buy the mill, 320 00:17:31,530 --> 00:17:33,723 and Owen marries Dale's daughter. 321 00:17:35,490 --> 00:17:37,680 By now, there are about 2000 workers 322 00:17:37,680 --> 00:17:39,660 including 500 orphan children, 323 00:17:39,660 --> 00:17:43,680 and Owen immediately reduces their working day by an hour. 324 00:17:43,680 --> 00:17:48,360 One 60th of the mill wages is deducted to pay for sickness, 325 00:17:48,360 --> 00:17:52,710 injury and old age, an early form of pension. 326 00:17:52,710 --> 00:17:55,260 Factory housing is run by workers. 327 00:17:55,260 --> 00:17:58,020 A school is provided for even the smallest children 328 00:17:58,020 --> 00:18:01,590 and is known as the Institute for the Formation of Character 329 00:18:01,590 --> 00:18:03,513 where there is no punishment. 330 00:18:04,620 --> 00:18:07,293 Curriculum includes music and country dancing. 331 00:18:10,560 --> 00:18:11,540 Over a 10 year period, 332 00:18:11,540 --> 00:18:14,943 20,000 visitors come to see Owen's ideas in action, 333 00:18:16,050 --> 00:18:18,210 but he's not finished helping the kids. 334 00:18:18,210 --> 00:18:20,880 Owen lobbies parliament to prohibit employment 335 00:18:20,880 --> 00:18:23,970 for under 10s and reduce the working day 336 00:18:23,970 --> 00:18:26,070 to 10 and a half hours. 337 00:18:26,070 --> 00:18:27,900 It takes 30 years to implement, 338 00:18:27,900 --> 00:18:29,703 but the seed is planted here. 339 00:18:31,170 --> 00:18:33,180 Gradually, Owen comes to the view 340 00:18:33,180 --> 00:18:35,370 that capitalism and profit are causing 341 00:18:35,370 --> 00:18:39,197 the major social problems of immorality and poverty. 342 00:18:40,470 --> 00:18:43,080 And that machinery shouldn't replace humans, 343 00:18:43,080 --> 00:18:45,330 but help them to become more productive, 344 00:18:45,330 --> 00:18:47,613 and above all reduce their hours of work. 345 00:18:49,080 --> 00:18:50,730 By 1820, he's talking about 346 00:18:50,730 --> 00:18:52,440 what we would now recognize 347 00:18:52,440 --> 00:18:55,293 as trade unions protecting workers' rights. 348 00:18:58,320 --> 00:19:01,863 These crazy ideas go down like lead balloons in Britain. 349 00:19:02,700 --> 00:19:04,650 To get his ideas into practice, 350 00:19:04,650 --> 00:19:06,394 Owen looks for somewhere 351 00:19:06,394 --> 00:19:08,670 that will let him carry out his social experiments, 352 00:19:08,670 --> 00:19:10,530 somewhere like America. 353 00:19:10,530 --> 00:19:13,800 So, in 1825 he spends most of his money on buying 354 00:19:13,800 --> 00:19:15,920 a ready-built township in Indiana, 355 00:19:15,920 --> 00:19:19,563 30,000 acres called New Harmony. 356 00:19:21,210 --> 00:19:23,160 Owen arrives there in February, 1826 357 00:19:23,160 --> 00:19:25,500 with a boatload of volunteers, 358 00:19:25,500 --> 00:19:28,443 and they immediately set up the community's constitution. 359 00:19:29,370 --> 00:19:32,190 Aims include no private property, 360 00:19:32,190 --> 00:19:33,990 freedom of speech and action, 361 00:19:33,990 --> 00:19:37,740 kindness and courtesy, order without law 362 00:19:37,740 --> 00:19:39,123 and community healthcare. 363 00:19:39,960 --> 00:19:42,150 Kids below five do exercise. 364 00:19:42,150 --> 00:19:43,893 Six to nine do schooling. 365 00:19:44,730 --> 00:19:47,250 10 to 12 help in houses and gardens. 366 00:19:47,250 --> 00:19:51,120 Teenagers technical training age 20 to 30 help 367 00:19:51,120 --> 00:19:52,860 with the schooling. 368 00:19:52,860 --> 00:19:54,130 30 to 40 govern the homes. 369 00:19:54,130 --> 00:19:58,533 40 to 60 external relations, and travel if needed. 370 00:19:59,580 --> 00:20:00,450 But, nothing is settled 371 00:20:00,450 --> 00:20:02,340 about how to actually run the place, 372 00:20:02,340 --> 00:20:05,043 so it doesn't run very well at all. 373 00:20:06,600 --> 00:20:09,600 Within a year, everybody's at each other's throats. 374 00:20:09,600 --> 00:20:11,610 The utopian experiment has failed, 375 00:20:11,610 --> 00:20:14,703 and in 1828 New Harmony closes down. 376 00:20:17,460 --> 00:20:19,050 But, before it closes, 377 00:20:19,050 --> 00:20:22,020 it's home to a local guy who also loves machines 378 00:20:22,020 --> 00:20:23,820 and how they can make things for us. 379 00:20:25,020 --> 00:20:26,043 At the age of 18, 380 00:20:26,043 --> 00:20:28,410 he's built his own organ from scratch 381 00:20:28,410 --> 00:20:30,660 and gone on to compose band music 382 00:20:30,660 --> 00:20:32,673 and play multiple wind instruments. 383 00:20:34,380 --> 00:20:37,770 This talented type is Josiah Warren, 384 00:20:37,770 --> 00:20:40,080 and his time in New Harmony gives him 385 00:20:40,080 --> 00:20:42,300 a keen interest in social justice, 386 00:20:42,300 --> 00:20:44,850 so he wants to apply his technical skills to share 387 00:20:44,850 --> 00:20:48,660 his left wing ideas as widely as possible. 388 00:20:48,660 --> 00:20:51,300 In 1835, he pioneers a special type 389 00:20:51,300 --> 00:20:54,125 of rotary printing press. 390 00:21:00,618 --> 00:21:02,370 It uses a continuous roll of paper 391 00:21:02,370 --> 00:21:06,030 that let it print faster than any previous press. 392 00:21:06,030 --> 00:21:08,937 Warren called it the speed press. 393 00:21:13,770 --> 00:21:16,080 Basically, the printing plates carrying 394 00:21:16,080 --> 00:21:19,110 the typeface of what is to be printed are inked 395 00:21:19,110 --> 00:21:21,033 and then mounted around a cylinder. 396 00:21:21,930 --> 00:21:23,910 When the cylinder is revolved, 397 00:21:23,910 --> 00:21:25,500 and a continuous roll of paper passed 398 00:21:25,500 --> 00:21:29,370 over the revolving cylinder pressing against the plates, 399 00:21:29,370 --> 00:21:32,580 one cylinder revolution prints one page. 400 00:21:32,580 --> 00:21:35,340 Run it until you have the number of pages you want, 401 00:21:35,340 --> 00:21:36,690 and then stop. 402 00:21:36,690 --> 00:21:38,010 Cut the printed sheets out. 403 00:21:38,010 --> 00:21:42,570 The machine can do an unheard of 40 to 60 copies a minute. 404 00:21:42,570 --> 00:21:45,213 Print workers can only manage six copies a minute. 405 00:21:46,260 --> 00:21:47,400 Here we go again. 406 00:21:47,400 --> 00:21:51,450 Once more, an efficient machine has unintended consequences. 407 00:21:51,450 --> 00:21:54,150 It puts people out of a job. 408 00:21:54,150 --> 00:21:55,700 Seeing the writing on the wall, 409 00:21:56,642 --> 00:21:57,653 the workers go on strike. 410 00:21:58,509 --> 00:22:00,993 But, it's too late, machines are here to stay. 411 00:22:03,720 --> 00:22:05,910 Typically, Warren doesn't take out a patent, 412 00:22:05,910 --> 00:22:08,640 but leaves the machine free for anybody to use, 413 00:22:08,640 --> 00:22:09,690 which they do. 414 00:22:09,690 --> 00:22:13,527 Later on, elsewhere, somebody does patent the idea 415 00:22:13,527 --> 00:22:15,024 and makes a fortune. 416 00:22:18,780 --> 00:22:20,400 Political opinion pieces churn off 417 00:22:20,400 --> 00:22:22,560 these presses by the million. 418 00:22:22,560 --> 00:22:23,400 And unlike newspapers, 419 00:22:23,400 --> 00:22:24,753 these pamphlets are free. 420 00:22:25,590 --> 00:22:27,960 And some of them carry the socialist ideas 421 00:22:27,960 --> 00:22:29,160 that begin to take hold. 422 00:22:30,420 --> 00:22:32,910 They talk a lot about labor and the workers 423 00:22:32,910 --> 00:22:36,360 in this new era of capitalists, their machines 424 00:22:36,360 --> 00:22:38,220 and mass production. 425 00:22:38,220 --> 00:22:40,890 In 1840, this printed book hits the shelves. 426 00:22:40,890 --> 00:22:43,680 It's called "What Is Property?" 427 00:22:43,680 --> 00:22:45,787 and it contains the famous slogan, 428 00:22:45,787 --> 00:22:48,147 "All property is theft." 429 00:22:49,110 --> 00:22:50,250 Now, you might be thinking, 430 00:22:50,250 --> 00:22:53,040 you know who writes political slogans like these, 431 00:22:53,040 --> 00:22:54,240 Karl Marx? 432 00:22:54,240 --> 00:22:55,840 Nobody forgets a face like that, 433 00:22:58,410 --> 00:23:00,210 but it isn't written by him. 434 00:23:00,210 --> 00:23:02,310 It's actually written by a revolutionary 435 00:23:02,310 --> 00:23:05,250 who goes by the name of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, 436 00:23:05,250 --> 00:23:08,100 author of at least 45 books. 437 00:23:08,100 --> 00:23:11,920 No surprise, for a while, Karl Marx is a Proudhon supporter 438 00:23:13,050 --> 00:23:16,170 until Pong goes a bit too far even for Marx 439 00:23:16,170 --> 00:23:17,703 and gets into anarchy. 440 00:23:18,840 --> 00:23:21,690 In 1851, Proudhon writes something 441 00:23:21,690 --> 00:23:22,980 I can't resist quoting, 442 00:23:22,980 --> 00:23:26,463 because it sums up what an anarchist thinks of the state. 443 00:23:27,427 --> 00:23:30,900 "To be governed is to be watched, inspected, 444 00:23:30,900 --> 00:23:34,320 spied upon directed, law driven, 445 00:23:34,320 --> 00:23:39,120 numbered, regulated, enrolled, indoctrinated, preached at, 446 00:23:39,120 --> 00:23:43,710 controlled, checked, estimated, valued, censored, 447 00:23:43,710 --> 00:23:47,400 commanded by creatures who have neither the right 448 00:23:47,400 --> 00:23:49,917 nor the wisdom nor the virtue to do so." 449 00:23:51,450 --> 00:23:53,790 Now here's where connections take a twist. 450 00:23:53,790 --> 00:23:56,820 Remember the term, "All property is theft"? 451 00:23:56,820 --> 00:23:58,410 It turned out to be true, 452 00:23:58,410 --> 00:24:00,960 because Proudhon has an unpublished book 453 00:24:00,960 --> 00:24:03,990 full of juicy quotes like the one I just read. 454 00:24:03,990 --> 00:24:06,480 It's one of Proudhon's most ambitious works, 455 00:24:06,480 --> 00:24:10,950 and enjoys a great title "War and Peace", 456 00:24:10,950 --> 00:24:13,380 which comes to the attention of this chap, 457 00:24:13,380 --> 00:24:18,333 a 32 year old Russian aristocrat Count Leo Tolstoy. 458 00:24:19,290 --> 00:24:20,790 Well, you know what happens next? 459 00:24:20,790 --> 00:24:22,980 Quicker than you could say, "plagiarism," 460 00:24:22,980 --> 00:24:25,200 Tolstoy snitches the phrase as the title 461 00:24:25,200 --> 00:24:26,310 for what is to become 462 00:24:26,310 --> 00:24:29,210 what many people consider the greatest novel ever written. 463 00:24:35,670 --> 00:24:37,650 Taking six years to complete, 464 00:24:37,650 --> 00:24:41,040 the book figures no fewer than 580 characters, 465 00:24:41,040 --> 00:24:43,530 many of them real people like Napoleon 466 00:24:43,530 --> 00:24:44,580 and the Russian Czar. 467 00:24:48,240 --> 00:24:50,700 Tolstoy sees the book less as fiction 468 00:24:50,700 --> 00:24:52,080 and more an examination 469 00:24:52,080 --> 00:24:54,480 of contemporary social and political issues, 470 00:24:54,480 --> 00:24:56,687 all the stuff that Proudhon covets. 471 00:24:58,920 --> 00:25:00,090 None of which stops it from being 472 00:25:00,090 --> 00:25:03,603 a real page turner when it's finally published in 1869. 473 00:25:04,590 --> 00:25:06,510 Jammed with gripping subplots, 474 00:25:06,510 --> 00:25:09,579 passion, intrigue, and major battle scenes. 475 00:25:12,000 --> 00:25:13,110 And I can't help feeling that's 476 00:25:13,110 --> 00:25:14,970 the worst critique of Tolstoy's "War and peace" 477 00:25:14,970 --> 00:25:16,160 you've ever heard. 478 00:25:20,973 --> 00:25:23,670 Now, all this world shaping politics does go on 479 00:25:23,670 --> 00:25:25,350 to change the world. 480 00:25:25,350 --> 00:25:27,900 The rise of 20th Century communism, 481 00:25:27,900 --> 00:25:30,652 the political movements that bring down monarchies 482 00:25:30,652 --> 00:25:31,652 in Russia and China. 483 00:25:33,300 --> 00:25:38,193 But for us, Tolstoy leads us to a dolphin. 484 00:25:40,156 --> 00:25:41,406 That's right. Here he is. 485 00:25:43,050 --> 00:25:46,053 Remember, all these connections are leading us to machines 486 00:25:46,053 --> 00:25:47,613 that can make anything. 487 00:25:48,480 --> 00:25:51,630 Syphilis and wigs, Shovell and shipwreck, 488 00:25:51,630 --> 00:25:55,563 Harrison's navigational clock, a booming trade in cotton. 489 00:25:56,490 --> 00:25:58,860 Arkwright's labor saving thread maker 490 00:25:58,860 --> 00:26:02,733 in Dale's worker friendly factory bought by Robert Owen, 491 00:26:03,870 --> 00:26:06,060 who exports the ideas he hones there 492 00:26:06,060 --> 00:26:08,640 to New Harmony in the United States 493 00:26:08,640 --> 00:26:11,400 where resident Josiah Warren is inspired to create 494 00:26:11,400 --> 00:26:13,380 a machine that will revolutionize printing, 495 00:26:13,380 --> 00:26:16,590 quite literally, leading job losses 496 00:26:16,590 --> 00:26:18,630 and a huge increase in political pamphlets 497 00:26:18,630 --> 00:26:22,530 and books spreading Joseph Proudhon's ideas 498 00:26:22,530 --> 00:26:25,230 of property and theft to Leo Tolstoy 499 00:26:25,230 --> 00:26:27,000 who steals the name "War and Peace" 500 00:26:27,000 --> 00:26:29,500 and makes himself a household name in the process. 501 00:26:32,100 --> 00:26:34,320 And, this is where connections can be so random 502 00:26:34,320 --> 00:26:36,247 that they are totally unexpected. 503 00:26:37,320 --> 00:26:40,530 It's all because of Tolstoy's grandson Ilya 504 00:26:40,530 --> 00:26:43,083 who loves dolphins and animals generally. 505 00:26:45,330 --> 00:26:48,300 In 1924, Ilya uses the Tolstoy name 506 00:26:48,300 --> 00:26:51,090 and influence to move to the United States. 507 00:26:51,090 --> 00:26:52,740 And after a couple of years of university 508 00:26:52,740 --> 00:26:54,210 in animal husbandry, 509 00:26:54,210 --> 00:26:57,437 he comes to the attention of a guy called Douglas Burden. 510 00:26:58,558 --> 00:27:02,927 (intense instrumental music) 511 00:27:02,927 --> 00:27:06,150 When burden and Ilya Tolstoy meet, 512 00:27:06,150 --> 00:27:09,810 Burden's working on a movie called "The Silent Enemy", 513 00:27:09,810 --> 00:27:12,060 all about the disappearing herds of caribou 514 00:27:12,060 --> 00:27:14,370 in northern Canadian wilderness, 515 00:27:14,370 --> 00:27:16,950 and the starving first nation American tribes 516 00:27:16,950 --> 00:27:18,570 who depend on them. 517 00:27:18,570 --> 00:27:20,880 This appeals to Tolstoy who treks off 518 00:27:20,880 --> 00:27:24,330 to what's known as the Canadian Barron lands. 519 00:27:24,330 --> 00:27:25,650 You get the feel. 520 00:27:25,650 --> 00:27:28,530 But, returns with nothing but background shots, 521 00:27:28,530 --> 00:27:31,313 because the caribou won't come close enough to be filmed. 522 00:27:35,640 --> 00:27:39,990 However, the experience has whetted Tolstoy's appetite, 523 00:27:39,990 --> 00:27:41,520 and soon he's off again 524 00:27:41,520 --> 00:27:44,760 with Burden and others on more natural history filming. 525 00:27:44,760 --> 00:27:46,798 Native beaters follow 526 00:27:46,798 --> 00:27:48,448 a centuries old practice to create the terrific din. 527 00:27:48,448 --> 00:27:51,352 During which they watch people making a film, 528 00:27:51,352 --> 00:27:53,943 which includes an elephant stampede. 529 00:27:54,930 --> 00:27:57,060 And as filmmakers often do, 530 00:27:57,060 --> 00:28:00,630 it's faked, shot in a controlled environment using 531 00:28:00,630 --> 00:28:03,390 a stockade full of elephants. 532 00:28:03,390 --> 00:28:05,160 Now, here's the unexpected bit. 533 00:28:05,160 --> 00:28:07,500 It occurs to burden an Ilya 534 00:28:07,500 --> 00:28:10,230 that the same approach might be tried 535 00:28:10,230 --> 00:28:11,765 with underwater scenes. 536 00:28:15,390 --> 00:28:17,310 So, Ilya is sent to scout 537 00:28:17,310 --> 00:28:20,260 for the equivalent of an underwater stockade 538 00:28:21,300 --> 00:28:25,080 and comes up with a place in Florida on the ocean 539 00:28:25,080 --> 00:28:27,000 where in 1938, he and Burden 540 00:28:27,000 --> 00:28:30,840 and other well-heeled pals set up a facility called 541 00:28:30,840 --> 00:28:32,373 Marine Studios. 542 00:28:34,800 --> 00:28:36,720 This is an aquarium 543 00:28:36,720 --> 00:28:37,710 where they're going to develop 544 00:28:37,710 --> 00:28:40,200 underwater filming techniques, 545 00:28:40,200 --> 00:28:42,570 and where you'll always get the animal shots 546 00:28:42,570 --> 00:28:44,310 and not just empty background, 547 00:28:44,310 --> 00:28:47,848 because you stock the site with the marine animals 548 00:28:47,848 --> 00:28:48,681 you want to shoot. 549 00:28:48,681 --> 00:28:50,370 As has been done with the elephants, 550 00:28:50,370 --> 00:28:53,542 the place has dozens of portals through which 551 00:28:53,542 --> 00:28:55,830 the filmmakers can get up close to the undersea world 552 00:28:55,830 --> 00:28:57,273 from all angles. 553 00:29:01,320 --> 00:29:02,580 When the place opens, 554 00:29:02,580 --> 00:29:03,720 the partners are surprised 555 00:29:03,720 --> 00:29:05,160 when members of the public arrive 556 00:29:05,160 --> 00:29:06,963 to stare through the portholes too. 557 00:29:08,730 --> 00:29:10,440 And more than just a few. 558 00:29:10,440 --> 00:29:12,963 30,000 people arrive on the first day. 559 00:29:14,220 --> 00:29:18,030 So, Marine Studios morphs into Marineland, 560 00:29:18,030 --> 00:29:20,100 the world's first oceanarium 561 00:29:20,100 --> 00:29:21,030 where the marine animals 562 00:29:21,030 --> 00:29:23,130 they've introduced get to stare at you, 563 00:29:23,130 --> 00:29:25,320 because they leap outta the water to do so, 564 00:29:25,320 --> 00:29:28,080 because they're bottle nose dolphins, 565 00:29:28,080 --> 00:29:30,303 which get up to all kinds of amazing tricks. 566 00:29:34,624 --> 00:29:37,200 It soon seems clear that dolphins are highly intelligent 567 00:29:37,200 --> 00:29:39,478 in the way they interact with their human handlers. 568 00:29:42,510 --> 00:29:45,420 So, people begin to see them as more than performers, 569 00:29:45,420 --> 00:29:49,620 rather an opportunity to study animal communication. 570 00:29:49,620 --> 00:29:51,720 See, the real wow factor is 571 00:29:51,720 --> 00:29:54,345 in the way they seem to talk with each other. 572 00:29:55,828 --> 00:29:57,900 This can get pretty complicated, 573 00:29:57,900 --> 00:29:59,910 because sometimes in the wild, 574 00:29:59,910 --> 00:30:02,460 they travel in groups called pods, 575 00:30:02,460 --> 00:30:06,450 as many as 1000 talking to each other as a swim along, 576 00:30:06,450 --> 00:30:09,340 and in particular looking after their own family group. 577 00:30:12,660 --> 00:30:15,420 The whistles are self-identifying noises, 578 00:30:15,420 --> 00:30:16,590 and the dolphins can recognize 579 00:30:16,590 --> 00:30:17,910 another one's identifying whistle 580 00:30:17,910 --> 00:30:21,415 even after not hearing it for 20 years. 581 00:30:24,058 --> 00:30:26,640 The clicks they make are mainly for echo location, 582 00:30:26,640 --> 00:30:29,340 when they're approaching anything. 583 00:30:29,340 --> 00:30:31,320 And the click rate may increase 584 00:30:31,320 --> 00:30:34,200 if they're investigating something interesting. 585 00:30:34,200 --> 00:30:37,800 The clicks also tell a dolphin speed, size, shape, 586 00:30:37,800 --> 00:30:39,510 distance, and location of an object. 587 00:30:39,510 --> 00:30:42,360 So, the clicks are making a sound picture of their 588 00:30:42,360 --> 00:30:43,726 environment. 589 00:30:46,680 --> 00:30:48,180 Dolphins also interact with humans 590 00:30:48,180 --> 00:30:50,640 in extremely sophisticated ways. 591 00:30:50,640 --> 00:30:52,830 On one occasion in New Zealand forming 592 00:30:52,830 --> 00:30:54,810 a protective ring around swimmers 593 00:30:54,810 --> 00:30:56,790 and herding them into the shore 594 00:30:56,790 --> 00:30:59,880 when there are sharks attempting to get at them. 595 00:30:59,880 --> 00:31:01,350 In Laguna, Brazil, 596 00:31:01,350 --> 00:31:03,840 local dolphins regularly swim into the shore 597 00:31:03,840 --> 00:31:05,280 and make special movements to tell 598 00:31:05,280 --> 00:31:07,503 the local fishermen to cast their nets, 599 00:31:08,477 --> 00:31:11,190 and then they drive the fish into the nets. 600 00:31:11,190 --> 00:31:15,510 Above all dolphins appear to enjoy human company, 601 00:31:15,510 --> 00:31:17,490 and the amount of noise they make gives 602 00:31:17,490 --> 00:31:19,055 a definite impression 603 00:31:19,055 --> 00:31:22,170 that the dolphins are attempting to talk to us. 604 00:31:27,750 --> 00:31:29,791 What all this got to do with machines 605 00:31:29,791 --> 00:31:30,930 that can make anything? 606 00:31:30,930 --> 00:31:31,763 Bear with me. 607 00:31:33,870 --> 00:31:35,250 In the 1950s, 608 00:31:35,250 --> 00:31:39,210 an American neurophysiologist called John Lilly begins 609 00:31:39,210 --> 00:31:41,640 to look at whether or not dolphins have 610 00:31:41,640 --> 00:31:43,740 a structured language, and if so, 611 00:31:43,740 --> 00:31:47,010 whether they might be able to communicate with humans. 612 00:31:47,010 --> 00:31:50,490 He thinks he has proof that the animals can at least mimic 613 00:31:50,490 --> 00:31:51,633 human speech patterns. 614 00:31:52,470 --> 00:31:55,410 So, he ends up building a house in the Virgin Islands 615 00:31:55,410 --> 00:31:57,660 and flooding half of it so that humans 616 00:31:57,660 --> 00:32:00,420 and dolphins can live together. 617 00:32:00,420 --> 00:32:02,310 His early research papers argue 618 00:32:02,310 --> 00:32:04,996 that dolphins do indeed have a language. 619 00:32:04,996 --> 00:32:06,600 It's a pretty out there theory, 620 00:32:06,600 --> 00:32:08,850 but Lilly's a pretty out there kind of guy. 621 00:32:08,850 --> 00:32:11,580 And yes, you've guessed it, he's into drugs, 622 00:32:11,580 --> 00:32:14,403 and in particular, lysergic acid diethylamide, 623 00:32:15,510 --> 00:32:18,243 which you know as LSD. 624 00:32:20,670 --> 00:32:25,113 So, how LSD appears and why Lilly is so interested in it. 625 00:32:26,520 --> 00:32:29,460 On April the 19th, 1943, 626 00:32:29,460 --> 00:32:33,180 a chemist called Hoffman is cycling home from work. 627 00:32:33,180 --> 00:32:34,533 Due to wartime rationing, 628 00:32:35,698 --> 00:32:38,190 metal for cars is in short supply. 629 00:32:38,190 --> 00:32:40,170 Work has been testing various plants 630 00:32:40,170 --> 00:32:43,890 for potential development by his pharmaceutical employers. 631 00:32:43,890 --> 00:32:46,110 One of these tests produces a chemical 632 00:32:46,110 --> 00:32:49,953 Hoffman accidentally ingests before his cycle ride home. 633 00:32:50,910 --> 00:32:52,017 It's LSD. 634 00:32:52,017 --> 00:32:55,530 And so, during the trip he has a trip 635 00:32:55,530 --> 00:32:58,110 thanks to the LSD he's discovered in the lab 636 00:32:58,110 --> 00:33:01,350 and which has got into his system through his skin. 637 00:33:01,350 --> 00:33:04,290 Hoffman has discovered a psychiatric medication 638 00:33:04,290 --> 00:33:07,710 like nothing before, extraordinarily powerful 639 00:33:07,710 --> 00:33:09,720 even in small doses. 640 00:33:09,720 --> 00:33:12,120 And so, by the time of Lilly's dolphin work, 641 00:33:12,120 --> 00:33:14,370 LSD is in production and being used 642 00:33:14,370 --> 00:33:16,653 in psychiatry and in medical research. 643 00:33:17,880 --> 00:33:19,890 Of course, the CIA and the military become interested 644 00:33:19,890 --> 00:33:23,640 in LSD almost as soon as Hoffman discovers it. 645 00:33:23,640 --> 00:33:27,570 They're talking in terms of what they call mind control. 646 00:33:27,570 --> 00:33:32,100 In the early 1950s, the CIA even paid $240,000 to buy 647 00:33:32,100 --> 00:33:35,370 the world's entire supply of LSD to find out 648 00:33:35,370 --> 00:33:37,683 if it's a reliable tell the truth drug. 649 00:33:40,380 --> 00:33:41,213 It isn't. 650 00:33:42,305 --> 00:33:44,250 (plucky music) 651 00:33:44,250 --> 00:33:45,780 But, for a guy like Lilly, 652 00:33:45,780 --> 00:33:47,133 it's too good to miss, 653 00:33:48,810 --> 00:33:51,900 because Lilly's aim is a full-on conversation with dolphins. 654 00:33:51,900 --> 00:33:53,160 And to achieve that, 655 00:33:53,160 --> 00:33:55,510 you must first take a trip into your own brain. 656 00:33:57,780 --> 00:34:00,720 First, Lilly has been devising a safe environment 657 00:34:00,720 --> 00:34:03,120 where you can be totally alone with your brain, 658 00:34:03,120 --> 00:34:05,280 and he now wants to see if it contains 659 00:34:05,280 --> 00:34:07,503 any clues to communicating with dolphins. 660 00:34:08,730 --> 00:34:13,023 This safe environment becomes known as an isolation tank. 661 00:34:17,190 --> 00:34:19,350 It's full of warm salty water, 662 00:34:19,350 --> 00:34:23,370 so you float easily in total silence, 663 00:34:23,370 --> 00:34:26,403 cut off from all external stimulus. 664 00:34:27,300 --> 00:34:29,730 Part of what Lilly is looking at is 665 00:34:29,730 --> 00:34:34,224 whether total isolation as is one theory at the time, 666 00:34:36,155 --> 00:34:37,140 cuts you off so totally 667 00:34:37,140 --> 00:34:40,023 that your brain stops working, 668 00:34:40,920 --> 00:34:42,470 and you go into a kind of coma. 669 00:34:49,530 --> 00:34:51,930 Lilly proves this is not so, 670 00:34:51,930 --> 00:34:54,360 and that without external stimulus, 671 00:34:54,360 --> 00:34:57,180 the brain just generates its own, 672 00:34:57,180 --> 00:34:59,463 running its own scenarios, Lilly says. 673 00:35:00,750 --> 00:35:03,270 He also brings dolphins into the isolation tank 674 00:35:03,270 --> 00:35:05,880 with him and once isolated, 675 00:35:05,880 --> 00:35:08,343 he gives some of them injections of LSD. 676 00:35:09,330 --> 00:35:11,790 Now, this is all uncharted territory. 677 00:35:11,790 --> 00:35:14,220 The dolphins might have reacted erratically 678 00:35:14,220 --> 00:35:17,880 or even violently, but as soon as they see a human, 679 00:35:17,880 --> 00:35:19,350 they start clicking and whistling 680 00:35:19,350 --> 00:35:22,143 over and over for up to three hours at a time. 681 00:35:23,070 --> 00:35:26,760 In other words, as soon as the dolphin on LSD has contact 682 00:35:26,760 --> 00:35:29,943 with another intelligent mammal, it won't shut up, 683 00:35:30,840 --> 00:35:33,153 but nobody can understand what they're saying. 684 00:35:34,320 --> 00:35:36,600 In the end, Lilly fails to have 685 00:35:36,600 --> 00:35:38,373 any dolphin to human conversation. 686 00:35:40,440 --> 00:35:43,770 Meanwhile, the isolation tank, even without the drugs, 687 00:35:43,770 --> 00:35:46,068 becomes a great success as treatment 688 00:35:46,068 --> 00:35:47,550 for anything it ails you. 689 00:35:47,550 --> 00:35:49,200 The tank environment also generates 690 00:35:49,200 --> 00:35:52,833 what's known as deep relaxation, a form of meditation. 691 00:35:53,940 --> 00:35:56,640 The effects of this floating isolation are encouraging, 692 00:35:56,640 --> 00:35:59,057 cutting down significantly on stress, depression, 693 00:35:59,057 --> 00:36:00,843 anxiety, and pain. 694 00:36:02,220 --> 00:36:05,010 By the 1970s, tanks hit the shops, 695 00:36:05,010 --> 00:36:07,053 and the idea goes mainstream. 696 00:36:08,430 --> 00:36:10,654 Okay, where are we on our journey 697 00:36:10,654 --> 00:36:13,080 to a machine that can create anything we want? 698 00:36:13,080 --> 00:36:15,810 Syphilis and wigs, Shovell's shipwreck, 699 00:36:15,810 --> 00:36:17,730 Harrison's navigational clock, 700 00:36:17,730 --> 00:36:21,570 a booming trade in cotton, Dale's worker friendly factory, 701 00:36:21,570 --> 00:36:23,543 utopian New Harmony. 702 00:36:23,543 --> 00:36:27,360 Warren's printing press spreads the anarchist word 703 00:36:27,360 --> 00:36:30,869 to Proudhon who has his ideas pinched by Tolstoy, 704 00:36:30,869 --> 00:36:34,470 whose filmmaking grandson sets up an oceanarium 705 00:36:34,470 --> 00:36:37,020 with dolphins tripping on LSD thanks to 706 00:36:37,020 --> 00:36:39,234 Lilly's experiments in isolation tanks 707 00:36:39,234 --> 00:36:42,873 later enjoyed by millions of ordinary people, 708 00:36:44,340 --> 00:36:48,768 and one extraordinary person, Richard Feynman, 709 00:36:48,768 --> 00:36:52,302 maybe the most famous scientist in the world back then 710 00:36:52,302 --> 00:36:55,188 and certainly one of the greatest physicists in history. 711 00:36:55,188 --> 00:36:57,210 And like everybody with a special mind, 712 00:36:57,210 --> 00:36:59,850 Feynman is interested in the mind. 713 00:36:59,850 --> 00:37:03,150 So, he spends time floating in Lilly's isolation tank, 714 00:37:03,150 --> 00:37:06,060 and as he says, "hallucinating" 715 00:37:06,060 --> 00:37:07,770 after taking a little marijuana 716 00:37:07,770 --> 00:37:09,483 in order to study consciousness. 717 00:37:12,489 --> 00:37:15,030 Feynman's field is theoretical physics. 718 00:37:15,030 --> 00:37:18,170 Among other things, quantum electrodynamics, 719 00:37:18,170 --> 00:37:19,680 the interaction between light matter 720 00:37:19,680 --> 00:37:22,653 for which in 1965 he gets a Nobel Prize. 721 00:37:25,350 --> 00:37:28,020 Only one of the many things he's famous for is 722 00:37:28,020 --> 00:37:31,020 the Feynman Diagram intended to illustrate 723 00:37:31,020 --> 00:37:33,900 how subatomic particles interact 724 00:37:33,900 --> 00:37:36,450 and with a view to manipulating them. 725 00:37:36,450 --> 00:37:38,614 It revolutionizes the way physicists do 726 00:37:38,614 --> 00:37:42,480 complicated quantum electrodynamics equations changing 727 00:37:42,480 --> 00:37:46,110 their calculations from reams of complicated math 728 00:37:46,110 --> 00:37:48,540 to simple squiggly lines. 729 00:37:48,540 --> 00:37:52,020 So, this integral becomes this diagram. 730 00:37:52,020 --> 00:37:53,490 Simpler, right? 731 00:37:53,490 --> 00:37:55,090 Well, it was for the physicists. 732 00:37:56,850 --> 00:37:59,160 But anyways, Feynman spends the rest of his life being 733 00:37:59,160 --> 00:38:01,920 a genius and a very funny man, 734 00:38:01,920 --> 00:38:04,470 popularizing physics in books and lectures. 735 00:38:04,470 --> 00:38:08,580 Above all, perhaps, popularizing, way ahead of its time, 736 00:38:08,580 --> 00:38:11,460 the investigation of the teeny weeny 737 00:38:11,460 --> 00:38:13,740 and the key link to our future 738 00:38:13,740 --> 00:38:16,240 where anything can be made on the molecular level. 739 00:38:18,990 --> 00:38:21,685 In 1959, he gives a talk called, 740 00:38:21,685 --> 00:38:23,823 There's Plenty of Room at the bottom. 741 00:38:25,110 --> 00:38:27,044 Basically, he says that, 742 00:38:27,044 --> 00:38:29,220 "Down at the level of individual atoms is 743 00:38:29,220 --> 00:38:32,280 a world of incredible complexity and potential 744 00:38:32,280 --> 00:38:35,220 where we might be able to do extraordinary things 745 00:38:35,220 --> 00:38:39,240 if we were able to get down there and move atoms around." 746 00:38:39,240 --> 00:38:41,160 What Feynman describes is 747 00:38:41,160 --> 00:38:44,433 the beginnings of a new field, nanotechnology. 748 00:38:45,900 --> 00:38:48,420 Unfortunately, back then, there's no way to get 749 00:38:48,420 --> 00:38:49,980 to Feynman's tiny world, 750 00:38:49,980 --> 00:38:53,763 but he's pointed the way and soon others follow his lead. 751 00:38:54,960 --> 00:38:56,790 In 1981 comes a new device 752 00:38:56,790 --> 00:38:59,415 from a couple of scientists well acquainted 753 00:38:59,415 --> 00:39:00,248 with Feynman's work. 754 00:39:01,230 --> 00:39:03,960 This is extreme geek. 755 00:39:03,960 --> 00:39:07,260 It's called a scanning tunneling microscope, 756 00:39:07,260 --> 00:39:09,330 and it can photograph atoms 757 00:39:09,330 --> 00:39:11,760 by applying a small current through them 758 00:39:11,760 --> 00:39:13,143 and recording a reaction. 759 00:39:15,450 --> 00:39:17,910 As the metal wire passes over each atom, 760 00:39:17,910 --> 00:39:20,040 the current increases or decreases 761 00:39:20,040 --> 00:39:21,750 as it meets resistance. 762 00:39:21,750 --> 00:39:23,490 In this way, building up a picture 763 00:39:23,490 --> 00:39:26,163 of the shape and position of this atomic world. 764 00:39:28,620 --> 00:39:30,810 And here's the extraordinary view you get. 765 00:39:30,810 --> 00:39:33,423 These are actually atoms. 766 00:39:36,540 --> 00:39:38,430 The scanning tunneling microscope is designed 767 00:39:38,430 --> 00:39:41,580 by these two Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer 768 00:39:41,580 --> 00:39:43,803 at IBM's research lab in Zurich. 769 00:39:44,820 --> 00:39:48,616 It's so incredible, in 1986 they also earned 770 00:39:48,616 --> 00:39:50,733 the Nobel in physics for it. 771 00:39:52,320 --> 00:39:54,330 Then, it turns out that the voltage level can 772 00:39:54,330 --> 00:39:56,760 also be used to move an atom. 773 00:39:56,760 --> 00:39:58,170 You move the atom by giving the tip 774 00:39:58,170 --> 00:39:59,940 a sudden voltage boost, 775 00:39:59,940 --> 00:40:02,040 yet and then kind of clings to the tip. 776 00:40:02,040 --> 00:40:05,403 So you can pick it up, put it down again somewhere else. 777 00:40:07,350 --> 00:40:10,500 Like they do in this first go at it in 1990 778 00:40:10,500 --> 00:40:13,620 when they move 35 xenon atoms one at a time 779 00:40:13,620 --> 00:40:16,416 and write the letters IBM with them. 780 00:40:22,278 --> 00:40:24,120 Today, Feynman's vision is getting closer 781 00:40:24,120 --> 00:40:26,910 as we try to develop the nanotechnology to move 782 00:40:26,910 --> 00:40:29,820 and position atoms in specific ways. 783 00:40:29,820 --> 00:40:32,640 We can already do a very early simple version 784 00:40:32,640 --> 00:40:33,990 of that activity, 785 00:40:33,990 --> 00:40:37,618 like this incredible microscopic animation created 786 00:40:37,618 --> 00:40:41,070 by moving individual atoms. 787 00:40:41,070 --> 00:40:44,580 So, we may soon be able to move specific atoms 788 00:40:44,580 --> 00:40:47,970 into groups to make the molecules we want. 789 00:40:47,970 --> 00:40:52,110 For example, two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen, 790 00:40:52,110 --> 00:40:54,813 H2O, make a molecule of water. 791 00:40:58,440 --> 00:41:00,330 One of my favorites is this one, 792 00:41:00,330 --> 00:41:04,590 12 atoms of carbon bonded to 22 hydrogen atoms 793 00:41:04,590 --> 00:41:08,850 and 11 oxygen atoms to create a sugar molecule, 794 00:41:08,850 --> 00:41:11,610 plus that classic molecule, H2O, water. 795 00:41:11,610 --> 00:41:16,530 And finally, eight carbon atoms bonded to 10 hydrogen atoms, 796 00:41:16,530 --> 00:41:21,530 four nitrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms to create caffeine. 797 00:41:21,930 --> 00:41:23,850 Put these molecules together 798 00:41:23,850 --> 00:41:27,000 and you get sweet tea. 799 00:41:27,000 --> 00:41:30,273 And the cup, it's just another set of molecules. 800 00:41:32,340 --> 00:41:34,880 And so is anything. 801 00:41:37,440 --> 00:41:39,890 So, that's what's just beginning to happen today. 802 00:41:41,730 --> 00:41:44,160 Batteries are being designed to cover objects 803 00:41:44,160 --> 00:41:47,190 with a microscopic coating with energy stored 804 00:41:47,190 --> 00:41:49,833 in capacitors, only a few nanometers thick. 805 00:41:51,210 --> 00:41:52,500 Think tiny. 806 00:41:52,500 --> 00:41:55,833 A human hair is 80,000 nanometers thick. 807 00:41:58,860 --> 00:42:00,030 Batteries can even be woven 808 00:42:00,030 --> 00:42:02,490 into the molecular makeup of people's clothes 809 00:42:02,490 --> 00:42:05,313 so they can power smart devices embedded in them. 810 00:42:08,190 --> 00:42:11,220 Or, that layer could be bulletproof protecting soldiers, 811 00:42:11,220 --> 00:42:13,470 or it could contain medicine 812 00:42:13,470 --> 00:42:16,020 that is slowly released into our bodies. 813 00:42:16,020 --> 00:42:19,950 There's now a nano sensor that can detect covid antibodies, 814 00:42:19,950 --> 00:42:21,360 an early warning system 815 00:42:21,360 --> 00:42:23,613 that can prevent another pandemic spreading. 816 00:42:27,900 --> 00:42:30,840 Constructing things molecule by molecule could mean 817 00:42:30,840 --> 00:42:33,030 that we will eventually want for nothing, 818 00:42:33,030 --> 00:42:34,800 especially as everything you can imagine 819 00:42:34,800 --> 00:42:36,840 in the entire world is made 820 00:42:36,840 --> 00:42:39,213 from the same simple building blocks. 821 00:42:40,200 --> 00:42:42,300 And that leads us to our final connection. 822 00:42:43,410 --> 00:42:46,260 Imagine if we were able to build a tiny machine 823 00:42:46,260 --> 00:42:47,760 where atoms could be brought together 824 00:42:47,760 --> 00:42:51,693 into molecules and molecules brought together into stuff, 825 00:42:54,240 --> 00:42:57,780 working like a subatomic production line. 826 00:42:57,780 --> 00:43:00,930 And since down at that level, everything happens fast, 827 00:43:00,930 --> 00:43:02,673 making stuff doesn't take long. 828 00:43:05,730 --> 00:43:09,593 This atom scale production line factory is known 829 00:43:09,593 --> 00:43:12,210 as a nanofabricator. 830 00:43:12,210 --> 00:43:13,410 And why it's exciting is 831 00:43:13,410 --> 00:43:16,950 that the raw material atoms the nanofabricator uses to make 832 00:43:16,950 --> 00:43:21,950 anything are 95% found in dirt, air, and water. 833 00:43:29,520 --> 00:43:32,640 So, the raw materials to make almost everything are 834 00:43:32,640 --> 00:43:34,983 everywhere and virtually free. 835 00:43:43,110 --> 00:43:44,280 I believe the first thing 836 00:43:44,280 --> 00:43:47,763 a powered up nanofabricator could make would be another one. 837 00:43:49,044 --> 00:43:51,960 So one, two, four, eight, sixteen, 838 00:43:51,960 --> 00:43:55,743 the guess is one for everybody on the planet in two years. 839 00:43:56,899 --> 00:43:57,780 And to build them, 840 00:43:57,780 --> 00:44:00,060 you just email the instructions 841 00:44:00,060 --> 00:44:01,760 all the way down to village level. 842 00:44:03,840 --> 00:44:07,620 Once everybody has one, nanofabricators can make food, 843 00:44:07,620 --> 00:44:09,300 shelter, clothing. 844 00:44:09,300 --> 00:44:11,400 And all you need is the dirt, air, 845 00:44:11,400 --> 00:44:13,860 and water for the machines to strip out 846 00:44:13,860 --> 00:44:15,063 all the atoms they need. 847 00:44:17,340 --> 00:44:18,420 So, it looks fairly certain 848 00:44:18,420 --> 00:44:20,550 that the future we're causing to happen is going to have 849 00:44:20,550 --> 00:44:24,810 nanofabricators, maybe as soon as 30 years. 850 00:44:24,810 --> 00:44:25,920 If that's the case, 851 00:44:25,920 --> 00:44:28,263 we need now to think about what that means. 852 00:44:29,100 --> 00:44:30,870 Could the nanofabricator be the biggest thing 853 00:44:30,870 --> 00:44:32,253 since we left the caves? 854 00:44:34,830 --> 00:44:36,720 If the nanofabricator makes each of us 855 00:44:36,720 --> 00:44:39,483 totally self-sufficient, why work? 856 00:44:43,110 --> 00:44:46,140 No need for money or the production of goods. 857 00:44:46,140 --> 00:44:49,350 So, what happens to jobs, the economy? 858 00:44:49,350 --> 00:44:53,043 And if nothing has any worth, because nothing is rare, 859 00:44:54,090 --> 00:44:55,680 I mean you want diamonds, 860 00:44:55,680 --> 00:44:58,590 gold or a perfect replica of the Mona Lisa, 861 00:44:58,590 --> 00:45:00,090 where every brushstroke is 862 00:45:00,090 --> 00:45:02,913 as if it were painted by Da Vinci himself, 863 00:45:03,780 --> 00:45:04,730 you just make them. 864 00:45:05,580 --> 00:45:08,133 What happens then to our value systems? 865 00:45:10,950 --> 00:45:13,350 If we can live anywhere on earth, 866 00:45:13,350 --> 00:45:15,663 will we give up the cities, live alone? 867 00:45:16,590 --> 00:45:19,170 If you can make anything you want free, 868 00:45:19,170 --> 00:45:20,620 will there be any more crime? 869 00:45:21,570 --> 00:45:23,190 How will we control the weapons 870 00:45:23,190 --> 00:45:24,990 we could make with a nanofabricator? 871 00:45:26,010 --> 00:45:28,410 Will there be any need for government 872 00:45:28,410 --> 00:45:29,970 if we're all spread out across the planet, 873 00:45:29,970 --> 00:45:32,583 living in total luxury and with no carbon footprint? 874 00:45:34,170 --> 00:45:36,450 Will we decide to live in tiny groups 875 00:45:36,450 --> 00:45:39,480 like the original prehistoric communities? 876 00:45:39,480 --> 00:45:41,913 How will we decide who to join up with? 877 00:45:42,780 --> 00:45:44,850 How will we meet new people? 878 00:45:44,850 --> 00:45:48,000 Above all, when the machines make everything, 879 00:45:48,000 --> 00:45:50,100 what will we do all day? 880 00:45:50,100 --> 00:45:52,804 Will we die of boredom? 881 00:45:52,804 --> 00:45:55,637 (uplifting music) 882 00:45:58,170 --> 00:46:01,140 Living with the nanofabricator will generate 883 00:46:01,140 --> 00:46:04,380 more questions than we've ever had to answer. 884 00:46:04,380 --> 00:46:06,510 And since it does seem inevitable 885 00:46:06,510 --> 00:46:09,750 that the nanofabricator will be part of our future, 886 00:46:09,750 --> 00:46:12,630 perhaps we should be looking now in more detail 887 00:46:12,630 --> 00:46:16,437 at how we want to live with what it will do to life. 887 00:46:17,305 --> 00:47:17,167 Watch Online Movies and Series for FREE www.osdb.link/lm